<p id="first" class="lead" style="font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;">With steep walls and deep valleys, the Grand Canyon in the western United States or the massive gorges that saw through the margins of the Tibetan Plateau are some of the most awesome and spectacular landforms on the planet. But have you ever wondered how they are formed?</p><p><div class="impact-unit-wrapper" style="margin: 25px 5px 25px 0px; border-radius: 0px !important;"><div class="pgs-dpg-card" data-pgs-partner-id="sciencedaily" data-loaded="true" widget-loading="true" style="border-radius: 0px !important;"></div></div></p><div id="text" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Some studies have proposed that canyons form when a mountain range grows in height and a river running through it cuts into the rock formation like a knife, ultimately forming gorges. Other studies have associated canyon incision with past changes in climate. For example, in the Miocene (about 15 million years ago), an increase in precipitation rates is believed to be the cause behind rapid incision of the Mekong River in China.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">But what about canyons in hot and humid tropical latitudes? Researchers from the College of Arts and Sciences' (A&amp;S') Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (EES) at Syracuse University recently embarked on a research expedition to the Tropical Andes of Colombia to study the massive Cauca River canyon. The team's objective was to determine the age of formation of the Cauca River canyon and then compare that with known tectonic and climatic processes that happened in the region during the past 10 million years to figure out what caused its incision. The team concluded that erosion in the Cauca River canyon was driven by tectonic processes. Their study, which expands the understanding of erosion hotspots in tropical landscapes and why they occur in certain areas, will be an important source of information for decision makers who must take erosion and landslides into account during infrastructure planning. Their results were presented in two papers that appeared in<span>&nbsp;</span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important;">Global and Planetary Change</em><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important;">Geological Society of America Bulletin.</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The study was led by MIT postdoctoral fellow Nicolás Pérez-Consuegra '21 Ph.D., who completed the research as a graduate student in EES with support from the Graduate School's Research Excellence Doctoral Funding Program and an A&amp;S doctoral fellowship. He collaborated on the project with his advisor Gregory Hoke, associate professor and chair of EES, Paul Fitzgerald, professor in EES, and international colleagues from the University of Potsdam, Germany, the German Centre for Geoscience Research, Germany, the University of Granada, Spain and Ecopetrol Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The authors used a combination of techniques. They analyzed the landscape using data derived from satellite imagery; carried out fieldwork to collect rock samples along one of the steep walls of the canyon; and analyzed those rock samples using thermochronology. Thermochronology is a technique that allows the researchers to figure out when and how fast a canyon is carved into a mountain by recording when the rocks cooled to surface temperatures. Certain minerals, in this case apatite, become radioactive clocks as the rocks cool.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">In their landscape analysis they observed a surprising feature -- a massive plateau elevated ~2.5 km (~8,200 ft) surrounded by hundreds of waterfalls and very steep rivers draining the flanks of the plateau.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"Finding such a flat landform at high elevations in a tropical climate is unexpected and suggested that the topography could not be very old," says Pérez-Consuegra. "If the topography had been old, the rivers would have probably already eroded the plateau."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">What might have caused these elevated plateaus? Between the period of 50 to 10 million years ago, the research team believes erosion smoothed the landscape to low, rolling hills. About 10 million years ago tectonic forces began lifting that smoothed landscape, creating a plateau perched at its current elevation of ~2.5 km (~8,200 ft). This was likely caused by a change in the angle of the oceanic plate that subducts beneath northern South America through a process called slab flattening.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Their findings provide a plausible link between tectonic processes rooted deep in the Earth and erosion in the form of canyons being carved by rivers. Pérez-Consuegra says the team is now trying to determine catchment-scale erosion rates in the Central Cordillera of Colombia to discover how fast the rivers are incising and eroding into the plateau. They have collected sand from more than 20 rivers to calculate erosion rates through a technique which uses cosmogenic nuclides to estimate the length of time rock takes to traverse the upper 4 ft. (1.2 m) of the Earth's surface as it is converted to sediment. Their results will pinpoint the areas where erosion is most active, and thus those same places where infrastructure and human populations will be most vulnerable.</p></div>