(72,'Clomipramine','clomipramine','Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant used in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and disorders with an obsessive-compulsive component, such as depression, schizophrenia, and Tourette’s disorder.','Anafranil','Clomipramine','<p>Clomipramine, the 3-chloro analog of imipramine, is a dibenzazepine-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, clomipramine does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, clomipramine exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Tertiary amine TCAs, such as clomipramine, are more potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake than secondary amine TCAs, such as nortriptyline and desipramine. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine-H<sub>1</sub> receptors, α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Clomipramine may be used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder and disorders with an obsessive-compulsive component (e.g. depression, schizophrenia, Tourette’s disorder). Unlabeled indications include panic disorder, chronic pain (e.g. central pain, idiopathic pain disorder, tension headache, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, neuropathic pain), cataplexy and associated narcolepsy, autistic disorder, trichotillomania, onchophagia, stuttering, premature ejaculation, and premenstrual syndrome. Clomipramine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.</p>','C19H23ClN2','DB01242','Approved, Investigational, Vet approved','Small Molecule','Average: 314.852 Monoisotopic: 314.154976453 ',' , N06AA — Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors , N06A — ANTIDEPRESSANTS , N06 — PSYCHOANALEPTICS , N — NERVOUS SYSTEM','<p>Well absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration. Bioavailability is approximately 50% orally due to extensive first-pass metabolism. Bioavailability is not affected by food. Peak plasma concentrations occurred 2-6 hours following oral administration of a single 50 mg dose. The peak plasma concentration ranged from 56 ng/mL to 154 mg/mL (mean, 92 ng/mL). There are large interindividual variations in plasma concentrations occur, partly due to genetic differences in clomipramine metabolism. On average, steady state plasma concentrations are achieved in 1-2 weeks following multiple dose oral administration. Smoking appears to lower the steady-state plasma concentration of clomipramine, but not its active metabolite desmethylclomipramine. </p>','','Humans and other mammals','<span class=\"separated-list-container\"><span class=\"separated-list col-lg-12 col-xl-6\"><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Tertiary alkylarylamines having two aryl and one alkyl groups attached to the amino group.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0003902\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Alkyldiarylamines</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing an unsaturated seven-member heterocycle with one nitrogen atom replacing a carbon atom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000069\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Azepines</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Aromatic compounds containing one or more benzene rings.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0002448\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Benzenoids</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing the acyl chloride functional group.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001030\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aryl chlorides</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing a trialkylamine group, characterized by exactly three alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0002239\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Trialkylamines</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing an heterocycle with at least one nitrogen atom and one carbon atom linked to each other.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004139\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Azacyclic compounds</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing a bond between carbon a pnictogen atom. Pnictogens are p-block element atoms that are in the group 15 of the periodic table.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004557\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organopnictogen compounds</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing a chemical bond between a carbon atom and a chlorine atom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001516\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organochlorides</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Derivatives of hydrocarbons obtained by substituting one or more carbon atoms by an heteroatom. They contain at least one carbon atom and heteroatom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004150\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hydrocarbon derivatives</a></span></span></span>','Interacting Gene/EnzymeAllele nameGenotype(s)Defining Change(s)Type(s)DescriptionDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*4(A;A)A AlleleEffect Directly StudiedPatients with this genotype have reduced metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*3Not Available2549delAEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*4Not AvailableA alleleEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*5Not AvailableWhole-gene deletionEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*6Not Available1707delTEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*2Not Available681G>AEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2C19 is associated with poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*3Not Available636G>AEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2C19 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*7Not Available2935A>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*8Not Available1758G>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*11Not Available883G>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*12Not Available124G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*13Not AvailableCYP2D7/2D6 hybrid gene structureEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*14ANot Available1758G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*15Not Available137insT, 137_138insTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*19Not Available2539_2542delAACTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*20Not Available1973_1974insGEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*21Not Available2573insCEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*31Not Available-1770G>A / -1584C>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*36Not Available100C>T / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*38Not Available2587_2590delGACTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*40Not Available1863_1864ins(TTT CGC CCC)2Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*42Not Available3259_3260insGTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*44Not Available2950G>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*47Not Available100C>T / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*51Not Available-1584C>G / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*56Not Available3201C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*57Not Available100C>T / 310G>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*62Not Available4044C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*68ANot Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*68BNot AvailableSimilar but not identical switch region compared to CYP2D6*68A. Found in tandem arrangement with CYP2D6*4.Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*69Not Available2988G>A / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*92Not Available1995delCEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*100Not Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*101Not Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*2ANot Available681G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*2BNot Available681G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*4Not Available1A>GEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*5Not Available1297C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*6Not Available395G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*7Not Available19294T>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*22Not Available557G>C / 991A>GEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*24Not Available99C>T / 991A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*35Not Available12662A>GEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*3Not AvailableC alleleEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*5Not AvailableWhole-gene deletionEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*6Not Available1707delTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*7Not Available2935A>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*8Not Available1758G>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*11Not Available883G>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*12Not Available124G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*13Not AvailableCYP2D7/2D6 hybrid gene structureEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*14ANot Available1758G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*15Not Available137insT, 137_138insTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*19Not Available2539_2542delAACTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*20Not Available1973_1974insGEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*21Not Available2573insCEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*31Not Available-1770G>A / -1584C>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*36Not Available100C>T / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*38Not Available2587_2590delGACTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*40Not Available1863_1864ins(TTT CGC CCC)2Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*42Not Available3259_3260insGTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*44Not Available2950G>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*47Not Available100C>T / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*51Not Available-1584C>G / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*56Not Available3201C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*57Not Available100C>T / 310G>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*62Not Available4044C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*68ANot Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*68BNot AvailableSimilar but not identical switch region compared to CYP2D6*68A. Found in tandem arrangement with CYP2D6*4.Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*69Not Available2988G>A / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*92Not Available1995delCEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*100Not Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*101Not Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*3Not AvailableG alleleEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*4Not Available3877G>AEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.Details','Interacting Gene/EnzymeAllele nameGenotype(s)Defining Change(s)Type(s)DescriptionDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*4(A;A)A AlleleEffect Directly StudiedPatients with this genotype have reduced metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*3Not Available2549delAEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*4Not AvailableA alleleEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*5Not AvailableWhole-gene deletionEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*6Not Available1707delTEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*2Not Available681G>AEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2C19 is associated with poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*3Not Available636G>AEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2C19 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*7Not Available2935A>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*8Not Available1758G>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*11Not Available883G>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*12Not Available124G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*13Not AvailableCYP2D7/2D6 hybrid gene structureEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*14ANot Available1758G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*15Not Available137insT, 137_138insTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*19Not Available2539_2542delAACTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*20Not Available1973_1974insGEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*21Not Available2573insCEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*31Not Available-1770G>A / -1584C>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*36Not Available100C>T / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*38Not Available2587_2590delGACTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*40Not Available1863_1864ins(TTT CGC CCC)2Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*42Not Available3259_3260insGTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*44Not Available2950G>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*47Not Available100C>T / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*51Not Available-1584C>G / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*56Not Available3201C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*57Not Available100C>T / 310G>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*62Not Available4044C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*68ANot Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*68BNot AvailableSimilar but not identical switch region compared to CYP2D6*68A. Found in tandem arrangement with CYP2D6*4.Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*69Not Available2988G>A / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*92Not Available1995delCEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*100Not Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*101Not Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*2ANot Available681G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*2BNot Available681G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*4Not Available1A>GEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*5Not Available1297C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*6Not Available395G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*7Not Available19294T>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*22Not Available557G>C / 991A>GEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*24Not Available99C>T / 991A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*35Not Available12662A>GEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*3Not AvailableC alleleEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*5Not AvailableWhole-gene deletionEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*6Not Available1707delTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*7Not Available2935A>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*8Not Available1758G>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*11Not Available883G>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*12Not Available124G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*13Not AvailableCYP2D7/2D6 hybrid gene structureEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*14ANot Available1758G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*15Not Available137insT, 137_138insTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*19Not Available2539_2542delAACTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*20Not Available1973_1974insGEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*21Not Available2573insCEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*31Not Available-1770G>A / -1584C>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*36Not Available100C>T / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*38Not Available2587_2590delGACTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*40Not Available1863_1864ins(TTT CGC CCC)2Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*42Not Available3259_3260insGTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*44Not Available2950G>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*47Not Available100C>T / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*51Not Available-1584C>G / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*56Not Available3201C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*57Not Available100C>T / 310G>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*62Not Available4044C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*68ANot Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*68BNot AvailableSimilar but not identical switch region compared to CYP2D6*68A. Found in tandem arrangement with CYP2D6*4.Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*69Not Available2988G>A / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*92Not Available1995delCEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*100Not Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*101Not Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effectsDetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*3Not AvailableG alleleEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.DetailsCytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*4Not Available3877G>AEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of clomipramine.Details','77970','303-49-1','47780','CHEMBL415','2699','<dl class=\"inner-dl\"><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"description\">Description</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\">This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzazepines. These are compounds with two benzene rings connected by an azepine ring. Azepine is an unsaturated seven-member heterocycle with one nitrogen atom replacing a carbon atom.</dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"kingdom\">Kingdom</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds that contain at least one carbon atom, excluding isocyanide/cyanide and their non-hydrocarbyl derivatives, thiophosgene, carbon diselenide, carbon monosulfide, carbon disulfide, carbon subsulfide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, Carbon suboxide, and dicarbon monoxide.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000000\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organic compounds</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"super-class\">Super Class</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing a ring with least one carbon atom and one non-carbon atom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000002\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organoheterocyclic compounds</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"class\">Class</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to an azepine ring (unsaturated seven-membered heterocycle with one nitrogen atom replacing a carbon atom).\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000293\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Benzazepines</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"sub-class\">Sub Class</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds with two benzene rings connected by an azepine ring. Azepine is an unsaturated seven-member heterocycle with one nitrogen atom replacing a carbon atom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000320\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Dibenzazepines</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"direct-parent\">Direct Parent</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds with two benzene rings connected by an azepine ring. Azepine is an unsaturated seven-member heterocycle with one nitrogen atom replacing a carbon atom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000320\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Dibenzazepines</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"alternative-parents\">Alternative Parents</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><span class=\"separated-list-container\"><span class=\"separated-list col-lg-12 col-xl-6\"><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Tertiary alkylarylamines having two aryl and one alkyl groups attached to the amino group.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0003902\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Alkyldiarylamines</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing an unsaturated seven-member heterocycle with one nitrogen atom replacing a carbon atom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000069\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Azepines</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Aromatic compounds containing one or more benzene rings.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0002448\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Benzenoids</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing the acyl chloride functional group.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001030\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aryl chlorides</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing a trialkylamine group, characterized by exactly three alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0002239\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Trialkylamines</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing an heterocycle with at least one nitrogen atom and one carbon atom linked to each other.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004139\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Azacyclic compounds</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing a bond between carbon a pnictogen atom. Pnictogens are p-block element atoms that are in the group 15 of the periodic table.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004557\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organopnictogen compounds</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing a chemical bond between a carbon atom and a chlorine atom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001516\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organochlorides</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Derivatives of hydrocarbons obtained by substituting one or more carbon atoms by an heteroatom. They contain at least one carbon atom and heteroatom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004150\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hydrocarbon derivatives</a></span></span></span></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"substituents\">Substituents</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><span class=\"separated-list-container\"><span class=\"separated-list col-lg-12 col-xl-6\"><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Alkyldiarylamine</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Amine</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Aryl chloride</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Aryl halide</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Azacycle</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Azepine</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Benzenoid</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Dibenzazepine</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Hydrocarbon derivative</span></span></span></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"molecular-framework\">Molecular Framework</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\">Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds</dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"external-descriptors\">External Descriptors</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><span class=\"inline-separated-list-container\"><span class=\"simple-separated-list-item\">dibenzoazepine (<a href=\"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:47780\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CHEBI:47780</a>) </span></span></dd></dl>','Benzazepines','<p><span class=\"not-available\">Not Available</span></p>','This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzazepines. These are compounds with two benzene rings connected by an azepine ring. Azepine is an unsaturated seven-member heterocycle with one nitrogen atom replacing a carbon atom.','Dibenzazepines','<li>Avoid alcohol.</li>\n<li>Avoid grapefruit products.</li>\n<li>Take with food. Food reduces irritation.</li>','Drugs.com Drug Page',' , Agents that produce hypertension , Agents that reduce seizure threshold , Antidepressive Agents , Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic , Central Nervous System Agents , Central Nervous System Depressants , Combined Inhibitors of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors (strong) , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Substrates , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors (strength unknown) , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors , Cytochrome P-450 Substrates , Dibenzazepines , Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted , Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring , Hypotensive Agents , Membrane Transport Modulators , Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents , Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs , Nervous System , Neurotoxic agents , Neurotransmitter Agents , Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors , Non-Selective Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors , P-glycoprotein inhibitors , Psychoanaleptics , Psychotropic Drugs , QTc Prolonging Agents , Serotonergic Drugs Shown to Increase Risk of Serotonin Syndrome , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists , Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor Antagonists , Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptor Antagonists , Serotonin Agents , Serotonin Modulators , Serotonin Receptor Antagonists , Tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressants , Tricyclics and Other Norepinephrine-reuptake Inhibitors','<table class=\"table table-sm table-bordered\" id=\"experimental-properties\"><thead><tr><th class=\"head-medium\">Property</th><th class=\"head-large\">Value</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>melting point (°C)</td><td>191.5-192</td><td>Schindler, W. and Dietrich, H.; US. Patent 3,515,785; June 2,1970; assigned to Geigy Chemical Corp.</td></tr><tr><td>boiling point (°C)</td><td>160-170 °C at 3.00E-01 mm Hg</td><td>PhysProp</td></tr><tr><td>water solubility</td><td>0.294 mg/L</td><td><span class=\"not-available\">Not Available</span></td></tr><tr><td>logP</td><td>5.19</td><td>HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)</td></tr></tbody></table>','<span class=\"inline-separated-list-container\"><span class=\"simple-separated-list-item\">dibenzoazepine (<a href=\"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:47780\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CHEBI:47780</a>) </span></span>','<dl class=\"inner-dl\"><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"human-metabolome-database\">Human Metabolome Database</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015372\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">HMDB0015372</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"kegg-drug\">KEGG Drug</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?drug:D00811\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">D00811</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"kegg-compound\">KEGG Compound</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?cpd:C06918\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">C06918</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"pubchem-compound\">PubChem Compound</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=2801\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">2801</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"pubchem-substance\">PubChem Substance</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=46505157\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">46505157</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"chemspider\">ChemSpider</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2699.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">2699</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"bindingdb\">BindingDB</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.bindingdb.org/bind/chemsearch/marvin/MolStructure.jsp?monomerid=77970\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">77970</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"rxnav\">RxNav</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://mor.nlm.nih.gov/RxNav/search?searchBy=RXCUI&amp;searchTerm=2597\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">2597</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"chebi\">ChEBI</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=47780\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">47780</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"chembl\">ChEMBL</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/CHEMBL415\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CHEMBL415</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"zinc\">ZINC</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://zinc.docking.org/substances/ZINC000000020248\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ZINC000000020248</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"therapeutic-targets-database\">Therapeutic Targets Database</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://bidd.nus.edu.sg/group/cjttd/ZFTTDDRUG.asp?ID=DAP000742\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">DAP000742</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"pharmgkb\">PharmGKB</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.pharmgkb.org/drug/PA449048\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">PA449048</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"guide-to-pharmacology\">Guide to Pharmacology</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=2398\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">GtP Drug Page</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"pdbe-ligand\">PDBe Ligand</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/pdbechem/chemicalCompound/show/CXX\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CXX</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"rxlist\">RxList</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/clomipr.htm\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">RxList Drug Page</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"drugs-com\">Drugs.com</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/cdi/clomipramine.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Drugs.com Drug Page</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"pdrhealth\">PDRhealth</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/ana1020.shtml\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">PDRhealth Drug Page</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"wikipedia\">Wikipedia</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Clomipramine</a></dd></dl>','<li>Avoid alcohol.</li>\n<li>Avoid grapefruit products.</li>\n<li>Take with food. Food reduces irritation.</li>','<span class=\"not-available\">Not Available</span>','<p>Following oral administration of a single 150 mg dose of clomipramine, the average elimination half-life of clomipramine was 32 hours (range: 19-37 hours) and of desmethylclomipramine was 69 hours (range: 54-77 hours). Elimination half-life may vary substantially with different doses due to saturable kinetics (i.e. metabolism). </p>','HMDB0015372','(3-{14-chloro-2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0^{3,8}]pentadeca-1(11),3,5,7,12,14-hexaen-2-yl}propyl)dimethylamine','InChI=1S/C19H23ClN2/c1-21(2)12-5-13-22-18-7-4-3-6-15(18)8-9-16-10-11-17(20)14-19(16)22/h3-4,6-7,10-11,14H,5,8-9,12-13H2,1-2H3','GDLIGKIOYRNHDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N','<p>May be used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder and disorders with an obsessive-compulsive component (e.g. depression, schizophrenia, Tourette’s disorder).\nUnlabeled indications include: depression, panic disorder, chronic pain (e.g. central pain, idiopathic pain disorder, tension headache, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, neuropathic pain), cataplexy and associated narcolepsy (limited evidence), autistic disorder (limited evidence), trichotillomania (limited evidence), onchophagia (limited evidence), stuttering (limited evidence), premature ejaculation, and premenstrual syndrome. </p>','C06918','D00811','Organic compounds','<p>Extensively metabolized in the liver. The main active metabolite is desmethylclomipramine, which is formed by <i>N</i>-demethylation of clomipramine via CYP2C19, 3A4 and 1A2. Other metabolites and their glucuronide conjugates are also produced. Other metabolites of clomipramine include 8-hydroxyclomipramine formed via 8-hydroxylation, 2-hydroxyclomipramine formed via 2-hydroxylation, and clomipramine <i>N</i>-oxide formed by <i>N</i>-oxidation. Desmethylclomipramine is further metabolized to 8-hydroxydesmethylclomipramine and didesmethylclomipramine, which are formed by 8-hydroxylation and <i>N</i>-demethylation, respectively. 8-Hydroxyclomipramine and 8-hydroxydesmethylclomipramine are pharmacologically active; however, their clinical relevance remains unknown.</p><p class=\"d-none d-sm-block\"><strong>Hover over products below to view reaction partners</strong></p>','Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds','CXX','<thead><tr><th>Pathway</th><th>Category</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"http://smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000639?highlight[compounds][]=DB01242&amp;highlight[proteins][]=DB01242\">Clomipramine Metabolism Pathway</a></td><td>Drug metabolism</td></tr></tbody>','PA449048','<p>Clomipramine is approximately 97-98% bound to plasma proteins, principally to albumin and possibly to α<sub>1</sub>-acid glycoprotein. Desmethylclomipramine is 97-99% bound to plasma proteins. </p>','2801','46505157','<p>Urine (51-60%) and feces via biliary elimination (24-32%)</p>','RxList Drug Page','2597','CN(C)CCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2CCC2=C1C=C(Cl)C=C2','Solid','Dibenzazepines','<span class=\"separated-list-container\"><span class=\"separated-list col-lg-12 col-xl-6\"><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Alkyldiarylamine</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Amine</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Aryl chloride</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Aryl halide</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Azacycle</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Azepine</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Benzenoid</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Dibenzazepine</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Hydrocarbon derivative</span></span></span>','Organoheterocyclic compounds','<span class=\"citations\"><p>Schindler, W. and Dietrich, H.; US. Patent 3,515,785; June 2,1970; assigned to Geigy Chemical Corp.</p>\n</span>','DAP000742','<p>Signs and symptoms vary in severity depending upon factors such as the amount of drug absorbed, the age of the patient, and the time elapsed since drug ingestion. Critical manifestations of overdose include cardiac dysrhythmias, severe hypotension, convulsions, and CNS depression including coma. Changes in the electrocardiogram, particularly in QRS axis or width, are clinically significant indicators of tricyclic toxicity. In U.S. clinical trials, 2 deaths occurred in 12 reported cases of acute overdosage with Anafranil either alone or in combination with other drugs. One death involved a patient suspected of ingesting a dose of 7000 mg. The second death involved a patient suspected of ingesting a dose of 5750 mg.\nSide effects include: sedation, hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, postural hypotension, tachycardia, hypertension, ECG changes, heart failure, impaired memory and delirium, and precipitation of hypomanic or manic episodes in bipolar depression.\nWithdrawal symptoms include gastrointestinal disturbances, anxiety, and insomnia. </p>','NUV44L116D','<p>~ 17 L/kg (range: 9-25 L/kg).\nClomipramine is capable of distributing into the cerebrospinal fluid, the brain, and into breast milk. </p>','Clomipramine','ZINC000000020248'),(73,'Docetaxel','docetaxel','Docetaxel is a taxoid antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of various cancers, such as locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer, metastatic prostate cancer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and head and neck cancer.','Taxotere','Docetaxel','<p>Docetaxel is a clinically well established anti-mitotic chemotherapy medication used mainly for the treatment of breast, ovarian, and non-small cell lung cancer. Docetaxel reversibly binds to tubulin with high affinity in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio</p>','C43H53NO14','DB01248','Approved, Investigational','Small Molecule','Average: 807.8792 Monoisotopic: 807.346605409 ',' , L01CD — Taxanes , L01C — PLANT ALKALOIDS AND OTHER NATURAL PRODUCTS , L01 — ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS , L — ANTINEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS','<p>The pharmacokinetic profile is consistent with a three-compartment model. The area under the curve (AUC) was dose proportional following doses of 70 mg/m2 to 115 mg/m2 with infusion times of 1 to 2 hours.</p>','','Humans and other mammals','<span class=\"separated-list-container\"><span class=\"separated-list col-lg-12 col-xl-6\"><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Ester derivatives of benzoic acid.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001350\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Benzoic acid esters</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001986\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing an acyl moiety of benzoic acid with the formula (C6H5CO-).\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000321\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Benzoyl derivatives</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Carboxylic ester derivatives of a fatty acid.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000324\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Fatty acid esters</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing one carbohydrate unit not glycosidically linked to another such unit, and no set of two or more glycosidically linked carbohydrate units. Monosaccharides have the general formula CnH2nOn.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001540\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Monosaccharides</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom R3COH (R not H ).\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001670\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Tertiary alcohols</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing an ester of carbamic acid with the general structure R2NC(=O)OR\' (R\' not H). They are esters of carbamic acids.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001162\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Carbamate esters</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing a secondary alcohol functional group, with the general structure HOC(R)(R\') (R,R\'=alkyl, aryl).\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001661\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Secondary alcohols</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing an oxetane ring, which is a four-member saturated aliphatic ring with an oxygen, and three carbon atoms.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000070\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Oxetanes</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Carboxylic acid derivatives in which the carbon atom from the carbonyl group is attached to an alkyl or an aryl moiety through an oxygen atom (forming an ester group).\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001238\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Carboxylic acid esters</a></span></span></span><span class=\"hidden-taxonomy\" style=\"display: none\"><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-container\"><span class=\"separated-list col-lg-12 col-xl-6\"><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing an aliphatic ring substituted with at least one hydroxyl group.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001292\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Cyclic alcohols and derivatives</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds  in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms R2C=O (neither R may be a hydrogen atom). Ketones that have one or more alpha-hydrogen atoms undergo keto-enol tautomerization, the tautomer being an enol.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000118\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ketones</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds comprising the organic carbonic acid or a derivative thereof.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000364\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organic carbonic acids and derivatives</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing an heterocycle with at least one oxygen atom linked to a ring carbon.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004140\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Oxacyclic compounds</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing more than one hydroxyl groups.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0002286\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Polyols</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing the dialkyl ether functional group, with the formula ROR\', where R and R\' are alkyl groups.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001167\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Dialkyl ethers</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Derivatives of hydrocarbons obtained by substituting one or more carbon atoms by an heteroatom. They contain at least one carbon atom and heteroatom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004150\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hydrocarbon derivatives</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing a bond between carbon a pnictogen atom. Pnictogens are p-block element atoms that are in the group 15 of the periodic table.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004557\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organopnictogen compounds</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing an oxide group.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0003940\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organic oxides</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000278\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organonitrogen compounds</a></span></span></span></span><a class=\"taxonomy-toggler\" href=\"javascript:void();\"><div class=\"drugbank-icon icon-expand\"><svg class=\"icon\" role=\"img\" title=\"expand\">\n<use xlink:href=\"/assets/icons-539be351b538129271b9ee92cb0ebbd16efad4fccf6e2fe95aa6234f1e7417fa.svg#expand\"></use>\n</svg>\n</div> show 10 more</a>','Interacting Gene/EnzymeAllele nameGenotype(s)Defining Change(s)Type(s)DescriptionDetailsCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1---(C;G) / (G;G)G AlleleADR Directly StudiedPatients with this polymorphism in ABCC2 are at a higher risk of experiencing drug-induced leukopenia and drug-induced neutropenia when treated with docetaxel.Details','Interacting Gene/EnzymeAllele nameGenotype(s)Defining Change(s)Type(s)DescriptionDetailsCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1---(C;G) / (G;G)G AlleleADR Directly StudiedPatients with this polymorphism in ABCC2 are at a higher risk of experiencing drug-induced leukopenia and drug-induced neutropenia when treated with docetaxel.Details','36351','114977-28-5','4672','CHEMBL92','130581','<dl class=\"inner-dl\"><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"description\">Description</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\">This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as taxanes and derivatives. These are diterpenoids with a structure based either on the taxane skeleton, or a derivative thereof. In term of phytochemistry, several derivatives of the taxane skeleton exist: 2(3-&gt;20)-abeotaxane, 3,11-cyclotaxane, 11(15-&gt;1),11(10-&gt;9)-abeotaxane, 3,8-seco-taxane, and 11(15-&gt;1)-abeotaxane, among others. More complex skeletons have been found recently, which include the taxane-derived [3.3.3] propellane ring system.</dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"kingdom\">Kingdom</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds that contain at least one carbon atom, excluding isocyanide/cyanide and their non-hydrocarbyl derivatives, thiophosgene, carbon diselenide, carbon monosulfide, carbon disulfide, carbon subsulfide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, Carbon suboxide, and dicarbon monoxide.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000000\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organic compounds</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"super-class\">Super Class</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Fatty acids and their derivatives, and substances related biosynthetically or functionally to these compounds.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000012\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Lipids and lipid-like molecules</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"class\">Class</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Lipids synthesized from the five-carbon-unit precursors isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000259\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Prenol lipids</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"sub-class\">Sub Class</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Terpene compounds formed by four isoprene units.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001551\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Diterpenoids</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"direct-parent\">Direct Parent</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Diterpenoids with a structure based either on the taxane skeleton, or a derivative thereof. In term of phytochemistry, several derivatives of the taxane skeleton exist: 2(3-&gt;20)-abeotaxane, 3,11-cyclotaxane, 11(15-&gt;1),11(10-&gt;9)-abeotaxane, 3,8-seco-taxane, and 11(15-&gt;1)-abeotaxane, among others. More complex skeletons have been found recently, which include the taxane-derived [3.3.3] propellane ring system.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000676\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Taxanes and derivatives</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"alternative-parents\">Alternative Parents</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><span class=\"separated-list-container\"><span class=\"separated-list col-lg-12 col-xl-6\"><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Ester derivatives of benzoic acid.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001350\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Benzoic acid esters</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001986\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing an acyl moiety of benzoic acid with the formula (C6H5CO-).\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000321\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Benzoyl derivatives</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Carboxylic ester derivatives of a fatty acid.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000324\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Fatty acid esters</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing one carbohydrate unit not glycosidically linked to another such unit, and no set of two or more glycosidically linked carbohydrate units. Monosaccharides have the general formula CnH2nOn.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001540\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Monosaccharides</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom R3COH (R not H ).\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001670\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Tertiary alcohols</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing an ester of carbamic acid with the general structure R2NC(=O)OR\' (R\' not H). They are esters of carbamic acids.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001162\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Carbamate esters</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing a secondary alcohol functional group, with the general structure HOC(R)(R\') (R,R\'=alkyl, aryl).\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001661\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Secondary alcohols</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing an oxetane ring, which is a four-member saturated aliphatic ring with an oxygen, and three carbon atoms.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000070\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Oxetanes</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Carboxylic acid derivatives in which the carbon atom from the carbonyl group is attached to an alkyl or an aryl moiety through an oxygen atom (forming an ester group).\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001238\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Carboxylic acid esters</a></span></span></span><span class=\"hidden-taxonomy\" style=\"display: none\"><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-container\"><span class=\"separated-list col-lg-12 col-xl-6\"><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing an aliphatic ring substituted with at least one hydroxyl group.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001292\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Cyclic alcohols and derivatives</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds  in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms R2C=O (neither R may be a hydrogen atom). Ketones that have one or more alpha-hydrogen atoms undergo keto-enol tautomerization, the tautomer being an enol.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000118\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ketones</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds comprising the organic carbonic acid or a derivative thereof.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000364\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organic carbonic acids and derivatives</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing an heterocycle with at least one oxygen atom linked to a ring carbon.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004140\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Oxacyclic compounds</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing more than one hydroxyl groups.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0002286\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Polyols</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing the dialkyl ether functional group, with the formula ROR\', where R and R\' are alkyl groups.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001167\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Dialkyl ethers</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Derivatives of hydrocarbons obtained by substituting one or more carbon atoms by an heteroatom. They contain at least one carbon atom and heteroatom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004150\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hydrocarbon derivatives</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Compounds containing a bond between carbon a pnictogen atom. Pnictogens are p-block element atoms that are in the group 15 of the periodic table.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004557\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organopnictogen compounds</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing an oxide group.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0003940\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organic oxides</a></span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\"><a class=\"classyfire-taxnode\" data-content=\"Organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom.\" href=\"http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000278\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Organonitrogen compounds</a></span></span></span></span><a class=\"taxonomy-toggler\" href=\"javascript:void();\"><div class=\"drugbank-icon icon-expand\"><svg class=\"icon\" role=\"img\" title=\"expand\">\n<use xlink:href=\"/assets/icons-539be351b538129271b9ee92cb0ebbd16efad4fccf6e2fe95aa6234f1e7417fa.svg#expand\"></use>\n</svg>\n</div> show 10 more</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"substituents\">Substituents</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><span class=\"separated-list-container\"><span class=\"separated-list col-lg-12 col-xl-6\"><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Alcohol</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Benzenoid</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Benzoate ester</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Benzoic acid or derivatives</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Benzoyl</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Carbamic acid ester</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Carbonic acid derivative</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Carbonyl group</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Carboxylic acid derivative</span></span></span><span class=\"hidden-taxonomy\" style=\"display: none\"><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-container\"><span class=\"separated-list col-lg-12 col-xl-6\"><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Carboxylic acid ester</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Cyclic alcohol</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Dialkyl ether</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Ether</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Fatty acid ester</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Fatty acyl</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Hydrocarbon derivative</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Ketone</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Monocyclic benzene moiety</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Monosaccharide</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organic nitrogen compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organic oxide</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organic oxygen compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organoheterocyclic compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organonitrogen compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organooxygen compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organopnictogen compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Oxacycle</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Oxetane</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Polyol</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Secondary alcohol</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Taxane diterpenoid</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Tertiary alcohol</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Tricarboxylic acid or derivatives</span></span></span></span><a class=\"taxonomy-toggler\" href=\"javascript:void();\"><div class=\"drugbank-icon icon-expand\"><svg class=\"icon\" role=\"img\" title=\"expand\">\n<use xlink:href=\"/assets/icons-539be351b538129271b9ee92cb0ebbd16efad4fccf6e2fe95aa6234f1e7417fa.svg#expand\"></use>\n</svg>\n</div> show 24 more</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"molecular-framework\">Molecular Framework</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\">Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds</dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"external-descriptors\">External Descriptors</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><span class=\"inline-separated-list-container\"><span class=\"simple-separated-list-item\">tetracyclic diterpenoid (<a href=\"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:4672\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CHEBI:4672</a>) </span></span></dd></dl>','Prenol lipids','','This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as taxanes and derivatives. These are diterpenoids with a structure based either on the taxane skeleton, or a derivative thereof. In term of phytochemistry, several derivatives of the taxane skeleton exist: 2(3->20)-abeotaxane, 3,11-cyclotaxane, 11(15->1),11(10->9)-abeotaxane, 3,8-seco-taxane, and 11(15->1)-abeotaxane, among others. More complex skeletons have been found recently, which include the taxane-derived [3.3.3] propellane ring system.','Taxanes and derivatives','<li>Avoid grapefruit products. Grapefruit inhibits CYP3A4 metabolism, which may increase the serum levels of docetaxel.</li>\n<li>Exercise caution with St. John\'s Wort. This herb induces CYP3A4 metabolism, which may reduce the serum concentration of docetaxel.</li>','Drugs.com Drug Page',' , Agents Causing Muscle Toxicity , Antimitotic Agents , Antineoplastic Agents , Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents , BCRP/ABCG2 Substrates , Cardiotoxic antineoplastic agents , Cyclodecanes , Cycloparaffins , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown) , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Substrates , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors , Cytochrome P-450 Substrates , Diterpenes , Hepatotoxic Agents , Immunosuppressive Agents , Microtubule Inhibition , Microtubule Inhibitors , Mitosis Modulators , Myelosuppressive Agents , Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs , OATP1B3 substrates , P-glycoprotein substrates , P-glycoprotein substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index , Taxane Derivatives , Taxoids , Terpenes , Tubulin Modulators','<table class=\"table table-sm table-bordered\" id=\"experimental-properties\"><thead><tr><th class=\"head-medium\">Property</th><th class=\"head-large\">Value</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>melting point (°C)</td><td>232 °C</td><td>PhysProp</td></tr><tr><td>water solubility</td><td>Insoluble </td><td>FDA label </td></tr><tr><td>logP</td><td>2.4</td><td><span class=\"not-available\">Not Available</span></td></tr></tbody></table>','<span class=\"inline-separated-list-container\"><span class=\"simple-separated-list-item\">tetracyclic diterpenoid (<a href=\"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:4672\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CHEBI:4672</a>) </span></span>','<dl class=\"inner-dl\"><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"human-metabolome-database\">Human Metabolome Database</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015378\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">HMDB0015378</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"kegg-drug\">KEGG Drug</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?drug:D02165\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">D02165</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"kegg-compound\">KEGG Compound</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?cpd:C11231\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">C11231</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"pubchem-compound\">PubChem Compound</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=148124\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">148124</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"pubchem-substance\">PubChem Substance</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=46506766\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">46506766</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"chemspider\">ChemSpider</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.130581.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">130581</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"bindingdb\">BindingDB</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.bindingdb.org/bind/chemsearch/marvin/MolStructure.jsp?monomerid=36351\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">36351</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"rxnav\">RxNav</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://mor.nlm.nih.gov/RxNav/search?searchBy=RXCUI&amp;searchTerm=1299922\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">1299922</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"chebi\">ChEBI</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=4672\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">4672</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"chembl\">ChEMBL</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/CHEMBL92\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CHEMBL92</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"zinc\">ZINC</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://zinc.docking.org/substances/ZINC000085537053\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ZINC000085537053</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"therapeutic-targets-database\">Therapeutic Targets Database</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://bidd.nus.edu.sg/group/cjttd/ZFTTDDRUG.asp?ID=DAP000590\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">DAP000590</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"pharmgkb\">PharmGKB</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.pharmgkb.org/drug/PA449383\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">PA449383</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"pdbe-ligand\">PDBe Ligand</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/pdbechem/chemicalCompound/show/TXL\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">TXL</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"rxlist\">RxList</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/docetaxel.htm\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">RxList Drug Page</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"drugs-com\">Drugs.com</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/cdi/docetaxel.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Drugs.com Drug Page</a></dd><dt class=\"col-md-4 col-sm-5\" id=\"wikipedia\">Wikipedia</dt><dd class=\"col-md-8 col-sm-7\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docetaxel\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Docetaxel</a></dd></dl>','<li>Avoid grapefruit products. Grapefruit inhibits CYP3A4 metabolism, which may increase the serum levels of docetaxel.</li>\n<li>Exercise caution with St. John\'s Wort. This herb induces CYP3A4 metabolism, which may reduce the serum concentration of docetaxel.</li>','<span class=\"not-available\">Not Available</span>','<p>Dose-dependent. Doses of 70 mg per square meter of body surface area (mg/m 2 ) or higher produce a triphasic elimination profile. With lower doses, assay limitations precluded detection of the terminal elimination phase. The half-life of the alpha, beta, and gamma phase are 4 minutes, 36 minutes, and 11.1 hours, respectively. </p>','HMDB0015378','(1S,2S,3R,4S,7R,9S,10S,12R,15S)-4-(acetyloxy)-15-{[(2R,3S)-3-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl]oxy}-1,9,12-trihydroxy-10,14,17,17-tetramethyl-11-oxo-6-oxatetracyclo[11.3.1.0^{3,10}.0^{4,7}]heptadec-13-en-2-yl benzoate','InChI=1S/C43H53NO14/c1-22-26(55-37(51)32(48)30(24-15-11-9-12-16-24)44-38(52)58-39(3,4)5)20-43(53)35(56-36(50)25-17-13-10-14-18-25)33-41(8,34(49)31(47)29(22)40(43,6)7)27(46)19-28-42(33,21-54-28)57-23(2)45/h9-18,26-28,30-33,35,46-48,53H,19-21H2,1-8H3,(H,44,52)/t26-,27-,28+,30-,31+,32+,33-,35-,41+,42-,','ZDZOTLJHXYCWBA-VCVYQWHSSA-N','<p>For the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer after failure of prior chemotherapy. Also used as a single agent in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer after failure of prior platinum-based chemotherapy. It is also used in combination with prednisone, in the treatment of patients with androgen independent (hormone refractory) metastatic prostate cancer. Furthermore, docetaxel has uses in the treatment of gastric adenocarinoma and head and neck cancer. </p>','C11231','D02165','Organic compounds','<p>Hepatic. In vitro drug interaction studies revealed that docetaxel is metabolized by the CYP3A4 isoenzyme (1 major, 3 minor metabolites).</p><p class=\"d-none d-sm-block\"><strong>Hover over products below to view reaction partners</strong></p>','Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds','TXL','<thead><tr><th>Pathway</th><th>Category</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"http://smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000435?highlight[compounds][]=DB01248&amp;highlight[proteins][]=DB01248\">Docetaxel Action Pathway</a></td><td>Drug action</td></tr></tbody>','PA449383','<p>In vitro studies show that 94% protein bound, mainly to a1-acid glycoprotein, albumin, and lipoproteins. When measured in cancer patients, docetaxel is 97% bound to plasma protein. Dexamethasone does not affect the protein binding of docetaxel.</p>','148124','46506766','<p>Docetaxel was eliminated in both the urine and feces following oxidative metabolism of the tert-butyl ester group, but fecal excretion was the main elimination route. Within 7 days, urinary and fecal excretion accounted for approximately 6% and 75% of the administered radioactivity, respectively.</p>','RxList Drug Page','1299922','[H][C@@]1(C[C@@]2(O)[C@@H](OC(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)[C@]3([H])[C@@]4(CO[C@@H]4C[C@H](O)[C@@]3(C)C(=O)[C@H](O)C(=C1C)C2(C)C)OC(C)=O)OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1','Solid','Diterpenoids','<span class=\"separated-list-container\"><span class=\"separated-list col-lg-12 col-xl-6\"><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Alcohol</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Benzenoid</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Benzoate ester</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Benzoic acid or derivatives</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Benzoyl</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Carbamic acid ester</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Carbonic acid derivative</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Carbonyl group</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Carboxylic acid derivative</span></span></span><span class=\"hidden-taxonomy\" style=\"display: none\"><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-container\"><span class=\"separated-list col-lg-12 col-xl-6\"><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Carboxylic acid ester</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Cyclic alcohol</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Dialkyl ether</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Ether</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Fatty acid ester</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Fatty acyl</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Hydrocarbon derivative</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Ketone</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Monocyclic benzene moiety</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Monosaccharide</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organic nitrogen compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organic oxide</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organic oxygen compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organoheterocyclic compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organonitrogen compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organooxygen compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Organopnictogen compound</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Oxacycle</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Oxetane</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Polyol</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Secondary alcohol</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Taxane diterpenoid</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Tertiary alcohol</span><span class=\"list-separator\"> / </span><span class=\"separated-list-item\">Tricarboxylic acid or derivatives</span></span></span></span><a class=\"taxonomy-toggler\" href=\"javascript:void();\"><div class=\"drugbank-icon icon-expand\"><svg class=\"icon\" role=\"img\" title=\"expand\">\n<use xlink:href=\"/assets/icons-539be351b538129271b9ee92cb0ebbd16efad4fccf6e2fe95aa6234f1e7417fa.svg#expand\"></use>\n</svg>\n</div> show 24 more</a>','Lipids and lipid-like molecules','<span class=\"citations\"><p>Nicholas J. Sisti, Charles S. Swindell, \"Method for docetaxel synthesis.\" U.S. Patent US5688977, issued September, 1991.</p>\n</span><a href=\"https://www.google.com/?tbm=pts#q=5688977&amp;tbm=pts\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">US5688977</a>','DAP000590','<p>Oral LD<sub>50</sub> in rat is &gt;2000 mg/kg. Anticipated complications of overdosage include: bone marrow suppression, peripheral neurotoxicity, and mucositis. In two reports of overdose, one patient received 150 mg/m<sup>2</sup> and the other received 200 mg/m<sup>2</sup> as 1-hour infusions. Both patients experienced severe neutropenia, mild asthenia, cutaneous reactions, and mild paresthesia, and recovered without incident.</p>','699121PHCA','<p>The initial rapid decline represents distribution to the peripheral compartments and the late (terminal) phase is due, in part, to a relatively slow efflux of docetaxel from the peripheral compartment.\n* 113 L</p>','Docetaxel','ZINC000085537053');

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INSERT INTO `home_faq` VALUES (1,'How often is the news on the site updated?','how-often-news-site-updated',1,'<p>The frequency of news updates varies depending on the specific sources, but most major research organizations aim to provide research papers as quickly as possible. As soon as the paper is published the news article are published as quickly and accuratively possible<br></p>'),(2,'Is the news on the site reliable and unbiased?','news-site-reliable-and-unbiased',1,'<p>It depends on the specific paper publishing organization and their track record for providing accurate, unbiased reporting. It\'s always a good idea to fact-check information and read multiple sources to get a well-rounded understanding of a story.<br></p>'),(3,'How can I contact the site for more information or to share a tip?','how-can-i-contact-site-more-information-or-share-tip',1,'<p>Visit the site\'s \"Contact Us\" or \"About Us\" page for information on how to get in touch with the organization. This may include a phone number, email address, or social media contact.<br></p>');

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--
-- Table structure for table `home_team`
--

CREATE TABLE `home_team` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `frist_name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `middle_name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `last_name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `status` int NOT NULL,
  `designation` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `photo` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `message` longtext NOT NULL,
  `emails` varchar(254) NOT NULL,
  `linkedin_url` varchar(200) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `home_team`
--

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INSERT INTO `news_news` VALUES (3,'How the Brain Curbs Overeating','how-brain-curbs-overeating','2022-02-23 12:48:24.717662','<p><span style=\"font-family: roboto, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;\">People with an extraordinary genetic ailment called Prader-Willi syndrome in no way experience full, and this insatiable starvation can result in life-threatening weight problems. Scientists reading the trouble have now located that the fist-fashioned shape called the cerebellum—which had now no longer formerly been related to starvation—is prime to regulating satiation in people with this condition.\r\n\r\nThis locating is the ultra-modern in a chain of discoveries revealing that the cerebellum, lengthy idea to be in most cases worried in motor coordination, additionally performs a vast position in cognition, emotion and behavior. “We’ve unfolded an entire discipline of cerebellar manipulate of meals consumption,” says Albert Chen, a neuroscientist on the Scintillon Institute in California.\r\n\r\nThe venture started with a serendipitous observation: Chen and his group observed they may make mice prevent consuming with the aid of using activating small wallet of neurons in areas called the anterior deep cerebellar nuclei (aDCN), in the cerebellum. Intrigued, the researchers contacted collaborators at Harvard Medical School. Scientists there had accrued facts the usage of purposeful MRI to evaluate mind interest in 14 folks that had Prader-Willi syndrome with interest in 14 unaffected humans even as every issue considered photos of meals—both right away following a meal or after fasting for at the least 4 hours.\r\n\r\n\r\nNew evaluation of those scans found out that interest withinside the identical areas Chen’s organization had pinpointed in mice, the aDCN, regarded to be drastically disrupted in people with Prader-Willi syndrome. In healthful individuals, the aDCN had been greater energetic in reaction to meals photos even as fasting than simply after a meal, however no such distinction changed into identifiable in members with the ailment. The end result cautioned that the aDCN had been worried in controlling starvation. Further experiments on mice, performed with the aid of using researchers from numerous exceptional institutions, verified that activating the animals’ aDCN neurons dramatically decreased meals consumption with the aid of using blunting how the mind’s pride middle responds to meals. The findings had been currently exact in Nature.\r\n\r\nFor years neuroscientists reading urge for food targeted particularly both at the hypothalamus, a mind location worried in regulating electricity balance, or on reward-processing facilities consisting of the nucleus accumbens. But this organization has recognized a unique feeding middle withinside the mind, says Elanor Hinton, a neuroscientist on the University of Bristol in England who changed into now no longer worried with the study. “I’ve been running in urge for food studies for the beyond 15 years or so, and the cerebellum has simply now no longer been a target,” Hinton says. “I suppose that is going to be essential each for Prader-Willi syndrome and, a great deal greater widely, to deal with weight problems withinside the fashionable population.”\r\n\r\nMultiple colleagues of Chen’s at the moment are making plans to check whether or not they are able to manage this circuit in healthful humans with the aid of using the usage of a noninvasive intervention called transcranial magnetic stimulation. If this is successful, Chen says, the researchers wish to finally behavior a scientific trial.</span><br></p>','2022-02-23 12:48:24.717700','uploads/news/1200px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg',1,'Scientific America','A structure known as the cerebellum acts as a brake on consumption',1,3,'<ul><li style=\"box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; vertical-align: baseline; overflow-wrap: break-word; font-size: 17px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic !important;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px;\"><font color=\"#000000\" style=\"\">This article was originally published with the title \"Sated Brain\" in Scientific American 326, 2, 18 (February 2022) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0222-18b</font></span></li></ul>'),(4,'Tubal ligation no better than IUD at preventing pregnancy, study shows','tubal-ligation-no-better-iud-preventing-pregnancy-study-shows','2022-02-23 13:22:57.899425','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">IUDs work at least as well as tubal ligation, while causing fewer side effects, according to a new study.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The analysis, based on six years of Medi-Cal claims data, is the first rigorous look at how long-term birth control methods perform in the real world.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">This study overturns the widely held assumption that tubal ligation, which requires surgery and is permanent, is more effective than an IUD, which can be easily removed when pregnancy is desired.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Published Feb. 22, 2022, in the&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Journal of General Internal Medicine</em>, the study found that hormonal IUDs were more effective than tubal ligation at preventing pregnancies, while copper IUDs were as effective.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Tubal ligation is really no longer the gold standard for pregnancy prevention,\" said Eleanor Bimla Schwarz, MD, professor of medicine at UC San Francisco and chief of the Division of General Internal Medicine at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Researchers examined claims data from more than 83,000 Medi-Cal recipients who received either a tubal ligation or an IUD between 2008 and 2014 to see how many became pregnant within a year. They found that 2.40 percent with levonorgestrel IUDs and 2.99 percent with copper IUDs got pregnant, compared with 2.64 percent of those who underwent laparoscopic tubal ligations.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Women are told the chance of pregnancy with these contraceptives is one in 1,000 but we found much higher rates of pregnancy,\" Schwarz said. \"This real-world data is really important for clinical decision-making.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The study also found that women who received IUDs were less likely to get infections or have procedural complications, and more than six months later had less pelvic, abdominal, and genitourinary pain than those who had tubal ligations.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Both the relatively high failure rate for tubal ligations and the prevalence of ongoing pelvic pain came as a surprise to the researchers, who undertook the study at the suggestion of their patient advisory group. The study was funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), which requires input from patient stakeholders.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Our stakeholders wanted to know, \'When women have permanent contraceptive procedures, how safe and effective are they?\'\" Schwarz said. \"That question grew to, \'How do these surgical procedures compare to alternative long-acting contraceptives such as IUDs?\'\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">These turned out to be good questions, and Schwarz said both providers and patients should heed the answers.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Tubal ligation is permanent,\" Schwarz said, \"and regrets following these procedures are hard, especially when coverage of infertility treatment is limited, as it is for Medicaid clients.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Since IUDs provide at least the same level of protection from unintended pregnancy as these surgical procedures, Schwarz said, \"Patients should be encouraged to try an IUD before going to the operating room for a permanent procedure.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Authors:</strong>&nbsp;First author Schwarz, was joined by Carrie A. Lewis, MPH; Melanie S. DOVE, ScD; Eryn MURPHY, MS; and Daniel J. Tancredi, PhD, of UC Davis; Diana Zuckerman, PhD, and Claudia Nunez-Eddy, MS, of National Center for Health Research; Raegan McDonald-Mosley, MD, MPH, of Planned Parenthood of Maryland; Sarita Sonalkar, MD, MPH, of University of Pennsylvania; Mark Hathaway, MD, MPH, of JHPIEGO, Reproductive Health and Family Planning; and Aileen M. Gariepy, MD, MPH, of Yale University.</p></div>','2022-02-23 13:22:57.899470','uploads/news/download_1.jfif',1,'University of California - San Francisco','IUDs work at least as well as tubal ligation, while causing fewer side effects, according to a new study.',1,5,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Eleanor Bimla Schwarz, Carrie A. Lewis, Melanie S. Dove, Eryn Murphy, Diana Zuckerman, Claudia Nunez-Eddy, Daniel J. Tancredi, Raegan McDonald-Mosley, Sarita Sonalkar, Mark Hathaway, Aileen M. Gariepy.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Intrauterine Contraception and Tubal Ligation</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Journal of General Internal Medicine</em>, 2022; DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-022-07433-4\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1007/s11606-022-07433-4</a></li></ol>'),(5,'Adolescent psychological well-being tied to adult risk of cardiovascular disease, study finds','adolescent-psychological-well-being-tied-adult-risk-cardiovascular-disease-study-finds','2022-02-23 13:25:45.492441','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Scientists have known for years that a person\'s risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) can be lowered with lifestyle changes such as modifying diet, exercise, alcohol and tobacco use. Now Anand Chockalingam and Sharan Srinivas at the University of Missouri demonstrate in a new study that a long-term association also exists between an adolescent\'s psychological well-being and their risk of CVD as an adult.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Specifically, Chockalingam, a professor of clinical medicine, and Srinivas, an assistant professor of industrial and manufacturing systems engineering, have found that people who are more optimistic or positive when they are adolescents can lower their chances of being in the high-risk category for CVD as an adult.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Here, we are recognizing the role of the environment and lifestyle in heart disease,\" said, Chockalingam, who is also a cardiologist with MU Health Care. \"Some prior research has shown that more than 80% of all heart attacks can be prevented with a few simple lifestyle interventions at any point in the individual\'s life. Although a heart attack may occur at the age of 55, the underlying buildup of plaque or atherosclerosis starts much earlier, often in teenage years. By exploring healthy habits and connecting with optimistic peers in the impressionable teenage years, it becomes intuitive to sustain a good lifestyle.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Chockalingam believes this study emphasizes the value of optimism in an adolescent\'s life.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Adolescents are simultaneously understanding the world as well as their own inner nature and mindset,\" Chockalingam said. \"Therefore, parents and other caregivers have a substantial role in the lifetime resilience and outlook of children. The biggest legacy that anyone can pass on for subsequent generations is optimism.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The team analyzed data from study participants involved with the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Chockalingam said the database served as a rich source of information for their study.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"The Add Health database meticulously collected data from over 20,000 adolescents when they were about 15 years of age, and followed up every few years afterwards with repeated surveys of several hundred health aspects for the same group of children,\" Chockalingam said. \"This gives us a unique window into the lifetime risk and correlation between various social, economic, psychological and genetic health determinants.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">A shared interest in tennis</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Both researchers have personal experience that reflects the results of their study. Srinivas credits his involvement in sports as a youth in India, including playing competitive tennis until age 18, for leading to a life and career advocating for a healthy lifestyle, both mentally and physically.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">His passion, along with a continued interest in playing tennis, also led to a serendipitous research collaboration with Chockalingam. What began as a friendly game of tennis between two working professionals -- Srinivas and Chockalingam -- grew over time to include discussions of their mutual interests in health care-related research. Eventually, the two began working together on research projects, and their expertise complements one another -- Srinivas focuses on data analytics and industrial engineering tools to improve both the patient and health care provider experience; Chockalingam provides clinical insights and a health care provider perspective.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Integrating engineering and health care</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Srinivas believes this study could help clinicians develop a personalized approach to lower someone\'s CVD risk by integrating problem-solving techniques currently used by industrial engineers that place an emphasis on prevention and early detection.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"There are several step-by-step techniques established by industrial engineers that help with early detection of problems in the manufacturing and service industries,\" said Srinivas, who has a joint appointment in the Trulaske College of Business. \"This is an opportunity to adapt some of these techniques to enable health care practitioners to monitor the well-being of an adolescent over time, because that\'s the formative stage where your outlook on life is established, and it doesn\'t change much after that.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Srinivas acknowledges this study is only a first step toward establishing the association between adolescent well-being and CVD risk. He believes additional analysis of other data sets are needed to help overcome a limitation they had in this study, which was only taking a snapshot of someone\'s life during adolescence and again during young adulthood. He says there needs to be additional insights into how people are doing in between these life stages.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">In the future, Srinivas would like to explore the use of other industrial engineering and data analytics techniques, such as machine learning.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"We want to use these techniques to help predict the long-term risk for CVD among adolescents, and uncover the impact that underlying factors can have on a person\'s chance to develop CVD, including the influence of a person\'s well-being,\" Srinivas said.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Adolescent psychological well-being and adulthood cardiovascular disease risk: longitudinal association and implications for care quality management,\" was published in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Benchmarking: An International Journal.</em>&nbsp;Kavin Anand, an undergraduate student at Stanford University, also contributed to this work.</p></div>','2022-02-23 13:25:45.492476','uploads/news/download_2.jfif',1,'University of Missouri-Columbia','Scientists have known for years that a person\'s risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) can be lowered with lifestyle changes such as modifying diet, exercise, alcohol and tobacco use. Now a new study shows that a long-term association also exists between an adolescent\'s psychological well-being and their risk of CVD as an adult. Specifically, they found that people who are more optimistic or positive when they are adolescents can lower their chances of being in the high-risk category for CVD as an adult.',1,6,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Sharan Srinivas, Kavin Anand, Anand Chockalingam.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Adolescent psychological well-being and adulthood cardiovascular disease risk: longitudinal association and implications for care quality management</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Benchmarking: An International Journal</em>, 2021; DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-06-2021-0369\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1108/BIJ-06-2021-0369</a></li></ol>'),(6,'Use of epidural in childbirth is linked to decreased severe maternal morbidity','use-epidural-childbirth-linked-decreased-severe-maternal-morbidity','2022-02-23 13:28:48.020776','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">In a study of vaginal births in New York State hospitals, labor neuraxial analgesia -- having an epidural or combined spinal and epidural -- was associated with a decreased risk of severe maternal morbidity. Deliveries with a neuraxial analgesic also lessened the risk of post-partum hemorrhaging, the leading cause of preventable severe maternal morbidity, according to the research conducted at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health and Columbia Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (P&amp;S). The researchers found that a decreased risk of severe maternal morbidity associated with neuraxial analgesia was similar between non-Hispanic White women and racial and ethnic minority women. The results are published online in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">JAMA Network Open.</em></p><p><div class=\"impact-unit-wrapper\" style=\"margin: 25px 5px 25px 0px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><div class=\"pgs-dpg-card\" data-pgs-partner-id=\"sciencedaily\" data-loaded=\"true\" widget-loading=\"true\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"></div></div></p><div id=\"text\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">Labor neuraxial analgesia -- epidural or combined spinal-epidural analgesia is the most effective technique to alleviate labor pain and is used in nearly three-quarters of birthing women in the U.S. As of 2021, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) was the leading cause of preventable severe maternal morbidity (SMM) and overall maternal mortality. SMM in this study involves 16 maternal complications including heart failure and 5 procedures such as hysterectomy.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">\"Our goal was to examine the potential benefit of labor neuraxial analgesia in reducing severe maternal morbidity,\" said Jean Guglielminotti, MD, PhD, in the Department of Anesthesiology at Columbia P&amp;S, and first author. \"The findings indicate that use of labor neuraxial analgesia for vaginal deliveries is associated with a 14% reduction in severe maternal morbidity. Labor neuraxial analgesia may facilitate early evaluation and management of the third stage of labor to avoid escalation of post-partum hemorrhaging into grave complications and death.\"</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">Study results showed that SMM occurred in 7712 women (1.3 percent), of which 2748 (36 percent) had PPH.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">Use of neuraxial analgesia for vaginal delivery was associated with a 14 percent decrease in the risk of severe maternal morbidity. The reported incidence of SMM has more than doubled between 1999 and 2017, affecting approximately 1 in 60 women in 2017. Of concern, the risk of SMM is up to a 3-fold increase for racial and ethnic minority women compared with non-Hispanic White women. Therefore, expanding access to and utilization of labor neuraxial analgesia may contribute to improving maternal health outcomes.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">To assess the association between labor neuraxial analgesia and SMM, the researchers used data from a large cohort of vaginal deliveries in New York hospitals. The study sample included hospitalizations for vaginal delivery among women aged 15 to 49 years between January 2010, and December 2017. The analysis was limited to New York, as it is the only Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project participating state also providing information on anesthesia care.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">During the study period there were 575,524 women with vaginal deliveries. The average age of the women was 28 years, of which 8 percent were non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander, 15 percent were non-Hispanic Black, 18 percent were Hispanic, 45 percent were non-Hispanic White, and 13 percent were of other race and ethnicity.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">While approximately 80 percent of non-Hispanic white women receive the analgesia nationwide, 70 percent of non-Hispanic Black women and only 65 percent of Hispanic women receive it. Additionally, about 75 percent of pregnant women with health insurance receive labor neuraxial analgesia but only half of uninsured pregnant women do.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">Several intervention programs could help increase access to and utilization of labor neuraxial analgesia, including prenatal maternal education, Medicaid expansions, and in-house obstetric anesthesia teams . \"These programs may improve patient participation in clinical decision making and access to care,\" observed Guohua Li, MD, DrPH, professor of epidemiology and Anesthesiology at Columbia Mailman School and P&amp;S, and senior author. \"Increasing the use of labor neuraxial analgesia among minority women would help narrow the racial and ethnic gap in the utilization of obstetric anesthesia care, likely leading to improvement in maternal health equalities.\"</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">Co-authors are Ruth Landau, Alexander Friedman, and Stanford Chihuri, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons; and Jamie Daw, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health.</p></div>','2022-02-23 13:28:48.020826','uploads/news/download_3.jfif',1,'Columbia University\'s Mailman School of Public Health','In a study of vaginal births in New York State hospitals, labor neuraxial analgesia -- having an epidural or combined spinal and epidural -- was associated with a decreased risk of severe maternal morbidity. Deliveries with a neuraxial analgesic also lessened the risk of post-partum hemorrhaging, the leading cause of preventable severe maternal morbidity. The researchers found that a decreased risk of severe maternal morbidity associated with neuraxial analgesia was similar between non-Hispanic White women and racial and ethnic minority women.',1,7,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Jean Guglielminotti, Ruth Landau, Jamie Daw, Alexander M. Friedman, Stanford Chihuri, Guohua Li.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Use of Labor Neuraxial Analgesia for Vaginal Delivery and Severe Maternal Morbidity</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">JAMA Network Open</em>, 2022; 5 (2): e220137 DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0137\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0137</a></li></ol>'),(7,'How does the brain keep track of things moving around us? A new piece of the puzzle','how-does-brain-keep-track-things-moving-around-us-new-piece-puzzle','2022-02-23 15:48:33.302513','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Understanding how the brain creates a map of the space around us has implications for research into learning and memory disorders ranging from autism to Alzheimer\'s disease, where subjects often have an incorrect perception of space-time and events. Previously, it was thought that only neurons in the visual cortex were able to map the position of moving objects, and that the hippocampus, the memory-making part of the brain, required spatial exploration or a cognitive task in order to contribute.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">A new UCLA study has found that hippocampal neurons in rats accurately map the position of a moving object even while the rat is stationary. The results challenge the idea that the hippocampus, a region of the brain involved in learning and memory, only encodes a map of space based on movement.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Panel a) shows the rat seated in the midst of augmented reality setup with a green bar of light moving around him. Panel b) shows the top down view of the maze. Panel c) shows the activity of four different neurons as a function of the position of the bar. Neurons encode the angular position of the bar of light even when the rat is not moving, thus challenging the prevailing hypothesis that the hippocampus requires exploration to create an abstract map of space. (Graphic courtesy of Dr. Mayank Mehta).</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">These new findings resolve long-standing puzzles about hippocampal function and open up many new avenues to develop early diagnosis and treatment for memory disorders, says Mayank R. Mehta, PhD, head of the W. M. Keck Center for Neurophysics at UCLA and a professor in the departments of physics, neurology, and electrical and computer engineering at UCLA.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"For example,\" he said, \"it allows scientists to study cognitive deficits such as a subject\'s memory of events around them -- the most common deficit in Alzheimer\'s.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The study, published in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Nature</em>, was conducted by scientists from the W. M. Keck Center for Neurophysics at UCLA, including lead authors Chinmay Purandare, PhD, and Shonali Dhingra, PhD.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">A VR experiment</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Using a modified virtual reality maze for rats developed to probe the hippocampus\'s memory function, researchers created a single bar of light on the VR screen that moved all around the rat -- \"as if a person was walking around you while you\'re seated,\" Dr. Mehta explained. Previous studies had found that such simple stimuli did not trigger the hippocampus. UCLA researchers, hypothesizing that the reason for that was the size of the stimuli, made the size of the bar large from the rat\'s perspective.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">By measuring neural signals, they found a majority of neurons in the rat\'s hippocampus responded to the bar of light, logging its exact position, the direction in which it was moving, and even its distance and angular degree from the rat. The neurons also encoded identifying characteristics of the bar of light, such as its color and texture.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The results overturn the idea that the hippocampus requires movement in space to create a spatial map. The neural response \"is quite similar to activity patterns in the visual cortices,\" Dr. Mehta said. \"That makes sense since the visual cortex is a major source of input to the hippocampus.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The team plans to continue using the VR system for experiments into understanding the neural activity of patients, including those with memory deficits such as Alzheimer\'s disease.</p></div>','2022-02-23 13:31:39.025718','uploads/news/download_4.jfif',1,'University of California - Los Angeles Health Sciences','A new study has found that hippocampal neurons in rats accurately map the position of a moving object even while the rat is stationary. The results challenge the idea that the hippocampus, a region of the brain involved in learning and memory, only encodes a map of space based on movement.',1,3,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Chinmay S. Purandare, Shonali Dhingra, Rodrigo Rios, Cliff Vuong, Thuc To, Ayaka Hachisuka, Krishna Choudhary, Mayank R. Mehta.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Moving bar of light evokes vectorial spatial selectivity in the immobile rat hippocampus</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Nature</em>, 2022; 602 (7897): 461 DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04404-x\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); text-decoration-line: underline; outline: 0px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1038/s41586-022-04404-x</a></li></ol>'),(8,'Interplay between brain networks in autism','interplay-between-brain-networks-autism','2022-02-23 15:48:17.404105','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with an increased focus on one\'s internal experiences along with a reduction in responsiveness to external social surroundings. Now, a new study investigates the dynamics of brain connectivity between brain networks associated with internal experiences, external attention, and switching between internal versus external states. The study appears in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging</em>, published by Elsevier.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) to compare 325 individuals with ASD with 356 people in a typically developing control group. They measured connectivity dynamics between three key brain networks: the default-mode network (DMN), the frontoparietal network (FPN), and the salience network across time.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"The role of each of these intrinsic brain networks has been investigated individually in people with ASD,\" said Tae-Ho Lee, PhD, co-senior investigator at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA, \"but our study is the first to examine how these three networks interacted dynamically at the large-scale brain-systems level, rather than focusing on a single network or static connection.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The authors\' analysis determined that the salience network excessively activates the DMN -- which is associated with mind-wandering and introspective thoughts -- while inhibiting the FPN over time in those with ASD. On the contrary, in the typically developing group, the salience network deactivates the DMN and activates the FPN, which directs attention to the external surroundings spontaneously and momentarily, and leads them to regularly monitor (and be more responsive to) possible environmental changes.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Our study provides a potential mechanistic explanation of why ASD is associated with more internally-focused cognition, including mind-wandering and prospection, and less of a focus on external environmental cues,\" added co-senior author Hyungwook Yim, PhD, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The work might provide a better understanding of the interplay between brain networks in other situations, as well. \"For example, older adults are more likely to fail to ignore unnecessary information from their surroundings,\" said Dr. Lee. \"According to previous studies, the salience network in older adults excessively activates the FPN while inhibiting the DMN -- just the opposite of ASD interactions. Future research might find that children with ADHD have a pattern of connectivity dynamics that is opposite to that of those with ASD,\" he speculated.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Cameron Carter, MD, Editor of&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging</em>, said of the work, \"This important study shows how new approaches to analyzing the dynamic patterns of interactions between brain systems over time can help us understand the neural basis of disabling symptoms such as increased lapses of attention in autism, and identify important new targets for invention to improve cognitive functioning in children and adults who are on the autism spectrum.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Our study provides a mechanistic explanation of why ASD individuals are less attentive to their surroundings and show more internally focused cognition such as mind-wandering and prospection. This new knowledge could be potentially useful for improving diagnosing ASD, or aid in informing therapeutic strategies for improving the wellbeing of those with ASD,\" said Dr. Lee.</p></div>','2022-02-23 15:36:50.295740','uploads/news/1-min.jpg',1,'Elsevier','Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with an increased focus on one\'s internal experiences along with a reduction in responsiveness to external social surroundings. Now, a new study investigates the dynamics of brain connectivity between brain networks associated with internal experiences, external attention, and switching between internal versus external states.',1,9,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Ya-Yun Chen, Mirko Uljarevic, Joshua Neal, Steven Greening, Hyungwook Yim, Tae-Ho Lee.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Excessive Functional Coupling With Less Variability Between Salience and Default Mode Networks in Autism Spectrum Disorder</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging</em>, 2021; DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.016\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); text-decoration-line: underline; outline: 0px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.016</a></li></ol>'),(9,'New technology fused with photosynthetic life offers path to green energy','new-technology-fused-photosynthetic-life-offers-path-green-energy','2022-02-23 15:41:21.216255','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">The quest for sustainable energy has become a central challenge for society. In order to meet ever-expanding energy demands without further damaging the global climate, researchers are tapping into natural processes that have provided plants and many animal forms with their energy source for billions of years. Their secret is the conversion of radiant light energy into chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">In new research appearing in the current issue of the&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Journal of the American Chemical Society,</em>&nbsp;lead author Christine Lewis and her ASU colleagues describe a patented hybrid device -- part living organism, part bio battery, capable of producing stored energy by increasing energy flow under light conditions where natural photosynthesis is normally inhibited.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The advancement of such technologies offers a green pathway to the production of a broad range of useful products, including transportation fuels, agrochemicals, therapeutics, cosmetics, plastics and specialty chemicals as well as human and animal supplements.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The new study shows that modified photosynthetic microbes -- in this case, cyanobacteria -- can be fed electrons from an external source and use these to power chemical reactions that could eventually be harnessed for human applications. Researchers call this approach microbial electro photosynthesis or MEPS.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"This project involves unlocking the mysteries involved with energy transfer. Specifically, we work on bridging artificial energy with natural photosynthesis by tapping into the latter half of the photosynthetic electron transport chain,\" Lewis says. \"The research objectives are to have the ability to turn photosynthesis on at will, eventually to make it more efficient, and produce stable energy products.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Lewis is a researcher in the Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology (EB), and ASU\'s School of Molecular Sciences (SMS).</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">She is joined by ASU colleagues Petra Fromme, director of the Center for Applied Structural Discovery; Bruce Rittmann, director of Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology and professor from ASU\'s School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment; Wim Vermaas from ASU\'s School of Life Sciences and Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability (GIS); Cesar Torres from EB and ASU\'s School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy; Justin Flory, associate director for Engineering Center for Negative Carbon Emissions and Thomas and Anna Moore, from GIS, SMS and CASD.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Photosynthesis 2.0</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The basic recipe for natural photosynthesis involves just a few key ingredients: water, sunlight, and CO<span style=\"font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em; border-radius: 0px !important;\">2</span>. Photosynthetic cells act as tiny factories for the production of glucose, which is then converted into ATP, the cell\'s primary energy currency. In the process, oxygen is produced as a respiratory byproduct but can prove harmful to the photosynthetic process when damaging oxygen radical species are produced with high-intensity light.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Although photosynthesis is ideally suited to supplying the energy needs of plants and other photosynthetic organisms, the rate with which light is converted into useful chemical energy is far too low to be suitable to supply today\'s human energy needs. Researchers have long sought out ways to tap into natural photosynthesis while also improving it to find carbon neutral energy solutions.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Partnering with nature</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">There are several important limiting factors in terms of energy conversion efficiency in natural photosynthesis. First, photosynthetic organisms use only a small portion of the spectrum of light emitted by the sun, namely red visible light. Second, the rate of carbon fixation is too slow for practical applications. Increasing it requires a boost in the rate of electrons moving through the transport chain.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Finally, photosynthetic organisms can only deal with a limited quantity of sun-excited electrons at one time. If the electron transport chain is fed too many at once, the process can shut down due to light damage, disabling or killing the cell. This limitation on energy efficiency is primarily due to a key component in the cell\'s electron transport machinery, a protein complex known as photosystem II (PS II).</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">In the new study, the MEPS system is described using a genetically modified cyanobacterium hitched to an external cathode. The cyanobacteria used were reengineered in the laboratory of co-author Wim Vermaas to carry out photosynthetic cycling of electrons without a photosystem II component.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">With the help of chemical mediators, electrons are shuttled from the device\'s cathode into the electron transport chain of the cyanobacterium. Because the light-vulnerable photosystem II has been eliminated, the photosynthetic process takes place via an alternate pathway, namely through photosystem I.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The results verified that photosynthesis can indeed be carried out using an external supply of electrons feeding the electron transport chain, and it could be performed in the presence of extremely high-intensity light.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"One of my priorities as part of the team was finding the right electrochemical mediator to move electrons into the cell,\" Torres said. \"I think that one of the highlights was realizing we have alleviated some of the bigger limitations of Synechocystis (cyanobacteria) removing photosystem II for the system and giving them electrons from an electrode.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Sustainable futures</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The MEPS system could potentially use currently available solar cells to provide the external electrons needed to power photosynthetic reactions. Photovoltaics could supply electrons from wavelengths from zero all the way up to thousands of nanometers, providing a much broader spectrum for light harvesting than usually available to natural photosynthesis.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The project, six years in the making, represents a melting pot of scientific disciplines, including microbiology, engineering, biochemistry, electrochemistry, photochemistry, and physics. It has been the focus of considerable excitement following Lewis\' presentations at a variety of conferences and her research has garnered a number of important awards, including the 2021 North American International Society of Electrochemical Microbes Conference Best Oral Presentation Award, the 2021 Eastern Regional Photosynthetic Conference Best Poster Award, the 2019 Nature Conference Energy Award, the 2019 Gordon Research Conference award and the 2018 Madame Curie Award at Biodesign\'s Fusion retreat.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"By the year 2050, with global expansion moving at the pace that it is, our energy needs will surpass our supply. However, we can act now to learn how to provide efficient and cleaner energy,\" Lewis says. \"It is my goal to contribute to the next \"breakthrough\" that will help to make this big, blue marble a better place.\"</p></div>','2022-02-23 15:41:21.216289','uploads/news/photosythesis.jfif',1,'Arizona State University','Researchers have developed a patented hybrid device -- part living organism, part bio battery, capable of producing stored energy by increasing energy flow under light conditions where natural photosynthesis is normally inhibited.',1,11,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Christine M. Lewis, Justin D. Flory, Thomas A. Moore, Ana L. Moore, Bruce E. Rittmann, Wim F.J. Vermaas, César I. Torres, Petra Fromme.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Electrochemically Driven Photosynthetic Electron Transport in Cyanobacteria Lacking Photosystem II</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Journal of the American Chemical Society</em>, 2022; DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c09291\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1021/jacs.1c09291</a></li></ol>'),(10,'Evidence grows for vaping\'s role in gum disease','evidence-grows-vapings-role-gum-disease','2022-02-23 15:47:59.519880','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">A series of new studies by researchers at NYU College of Dentistry highlights how e-cigarettes alter oral health and may be contributing to gum disease. The latest, published in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">mBio</em>, finds that e-cigarette users have a unique oral microbiome -- the community of bacteria and other microorganisms -- that is less healthy than nonsmokers but potentially healthier than cigarette smokers, and measures worsening gum disease over time.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study of oral health and e-cigarette use. We are now beginning to understand how e-cigarettes and the chemicals they contain are changing the oral microbiome and disrupting the balance of bacteria,\" said Deepak Saxena, who led the research with Xin Li; both are professors of molecular pathobiology at NYU College of Dentistry.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Gum disease affects nearly half of U.S. adults over 30 years of age. Smoking cigarettes is a known risk factor for developing gum disease, but less is known about the impact of e-cigarettes -- which vaporize nicotine and other chemicals -- on oral health, especially the long-term consequences of vaping.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers studied the oral health of 84 adults from three groups: cigarette smokers, e-cigarette users, and people who have never smoked. Gum disease was assessed through two dental exams six months apart, during which plaque samples were taken to analyze the bacteria present.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Changes to gum health</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">All participants had some gum disease at the start of the study, with cigarette smokers having the most severe disease, followed by e-cigarette users. After six months, the researchers observed that gum disease had worsened in some participants in each group, including several e-cigarette users.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">A key indicator of gum disease is clinical attachment loss, measured by gum ligament and tissue separating from a tooth\'s surface, leading the gum to recede and form pockets. These pockets are breeding grounds for bacteria and can lead to more severe gum disease. In a study of the same participants published in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Frontiers in Oral Health</em>, the research team found that clinical attachment loss was significantly worse only in the e-cigarette smokers -- not non-smokers and cigarette smokers -- after six months.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">A unique microbiome</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers then analyzed the bacteria found in the plaque samples and determined that e-cigarette users have a different oral microbiome from smokers and nonsmokers -- building on findings the team previously reported in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">iScience</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Molecular Oral Microbiology</em><em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">.</em></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">While all groups shared roughly a fifth of the types of bacteria, the bacterial makeup for e-cigarette users had strikingly more in common with cigarette smokers than nonsmokers. Several types of bacteria, including&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Selenomonas</em>,&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Leptotrichia,&nbsp;</em>and&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Saccharibacteria</em>, were abundant in both smokers and vapers compared to nonsmokers. Several other bacteria -- including&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Fusobacterium</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Bacteroidales</em>, which are known to be associated with gum disease -- were particularly dominant in the mouths of e-cigarette users.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">When plaque samples were gathered and analyzed in the six-month follow-up, the researchers found greater diversity in bacteria for all groups studied, yet each group maintained its own distinct microbiome.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Vaping appears to be driving unique patterns in bacteria and influencing the growth of some bacteria in a manner akin to cigarette smoking, but with its own profile and risks to oral health,\" said Fangxi Xu, a junior research scientist in Saxena\'s lab and the study\'s co-first author.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">An altered immune response</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers found that the distinct microbiome in e-cigarette users was correlated with clinical measures of gum disease and changes to the host immune environment. In particular, vaping was associated with different levels of cytokines -- proteins that help regulate the immune system. Certain cytokines are linked to an imbalance in oral bacteria and can worsen gum disease by making people prone to inflammation and infection.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">TNFα, a cytokine that causes inflammation, was significantly elevated among e-cigarette users. In contrast, cytokines IL-4 and IL-1β were lower among e-cigarette users; IL-4 tends to be reduced in people with gum disease and increases after treatment, which suggests that certain bacteria in the mouths of e-cigarette users may be actively suppressing immune responses.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers concluded that the distinct oral microbiome of e-cigarette users elicits altered immune responses, which along with clinical markers for gum disease illustrate how vaping presents its own challenge to oral health.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"E-cigarette use is a relatively new human habit,\" said Scott Thomas, an assistant research scientist in Saxena\'s lab and the study\'s co-first author. \"Unlike smoking, which has been studied extensively for decades, we know little about the health consequences of e-cigarette use and are just starting to understand how the unique microbiome promoted by vaping impacts oral health and disease.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">This research was supported by the National Institute of Dental &amp; Craniofacial Research (DE025992, DE027074), the National Cancer Institute (CA206105), and the NYU Mega-Grants Initiative. The study included additional collaborators from NYU College of Dentistry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, and the University of Pennsylvania.</p></div>','2022-02-23 15:44:18.148434','uploads/news/dental.jpg',1,'New York University','New studies highlight how e-cigarettes alter oral health and may be contributing to gum disease. The latest research finds that e-cigarette users have a unique oral microbiome that is less healthy than nonsmokers but potentially healthier than cigarette smokers, and measures worsening gum disease over time.',1,12,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Scott C. Thomas, Fangxi Xu, Smruti Pushalkar, Ziyan Lin, Nirali Thakor, Mridula Vardhan, Zia Flaminio, , Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran, Rebeca Vasconcelos, Adenike Akapo, Erica Queiroz, Maria Bederoff, Malvin N. Janal, Yuqi Guo, Deanna Aguallo, Terry Gordon, Patricia M. Corby, Angela R. Kamer, Xin Li, Deepak Saxena.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Electronic Cigarette Use Promotes a Unique Periodontal Microbiome</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">mBio</em>, Feb. 22, 2022; DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00075-22\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1128/mbio.00075-22</a></li><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Fangxi Xu, Eman Aboseria, Malvin N. Janal, Smruti Pushalkar, Maria V. Bederoff, Rebeca Vasconcelos, Sakshi Sapru, Bidisha Paul, Erica Queiroz, Shreya Makwana, Julia Solarewicz, Yuqi Guo, Deanna Aguallo, Claudia Gomez, Donna Shelly, Yindalon Aphinyanaphongs, Terry Gordon, Patricia M. Corby, Angela R. Kamer, Xin Li, Deepak Saxena.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Comparative Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosol on Periodontium of Periodontitis Patients</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Frontiers in Oral Health</em>, 2021; 2 DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/froh.2021.729144\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.3389/froh.2021.729144</a></li><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Smruti Pushalkar, Bidisha Paul, Qianhao Li, Jian Yang, Rebeca Vasconcelos, Shreya Makwana, Juan Muñoz González, Shivm Shah, Chengzhi Xie, Malvin N. Janal, Erica Queiroz, Maria Bederoff, Joshua Leinwand, Julia Solarewicz, Fangxi Xu, Eman Aboseria, Yuqi Guo, Deanna Aguallo, Claudia Gomez, Angela Kamer, Donna Shelley, Yindalon Aphinyanaphongs, Cheryl Barber, Terry Gordon, Patricia Corby, Xin Li, Deepak Saxena.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Modulates the Oral Microbiome and Increases Risk of Infection</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">iScience</em>, 2020; 23 (3): 100884 DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.100884\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1016/j.isci.2020.100884</a></li><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Fangxi Xu, Smruti Pushalkar, Ziyan Lin, Scott C. Thomas, Julia Kishanie Persaud, Maria A Sierra, Mridula Vardhan, Rebeca Vasconcelos, Adenike Akapo, Yuqi Guo, Terry Gordon, Patricia M Corby, Angela R. Kamer, Xin Li, Deepak Saxena.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Electronic cigarette use enriches periodontal pathogens</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Molecular Oral Microbiology</em>, 2022; DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/omi.12361\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1111/omi.12361</a></li></ol>'),(11,'Smoking before and after conception is linked to delayed embryonic development','smoking-and-after-conception-linked-delayed-embryonic-development','2022-02-23 15:47:37.492495','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Smoking by mothers during the period immediately before and after conception is linked to a delay in embryonic development, smaller foetuses at the time of the 20-week ultrasound scan, and lower birth weight.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The study, which is published today (Wednesday) in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Human Reproduction</em><em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">,&nbsp;</em>one of the world\'s leading reproductive medicine journals, followed 689 women with singleton pregnancies between 2010 and 2018. The researchers found that by the tenth week of pregnancy, embryo development was delayed by nearly a day in women who smoked ten or more cigarettes a day compared to non-smokers, and by 1.6 days in smokers who had conceived by means of&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">in vitro fertilisation</em>&nbsp;(IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">They also found that embryos were not able to \"catch up\" their development over the course of the pregnancy and were more likely to be born small for gestational age and with a median (average) birth weight 93 grams lower than babies born to non-smoking women.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">This is the first study to investigate the association between smoking by mothers from 14 weeks before conception up to 10 weeks after conception (the periconceptional period) and the development of embryos as assessed by looking at the external and internal shape of the embryo (the morphology) during ongoing pregnancies. The researchers used virtual reality to look at the embryos\' development and they compared the morphology against established stages of embryo development, known as the Carnegie Stages.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Dr Melek Rousian, a gynaecologist at Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, who led the study, said: \"One of the key messages of this study is that the delay in embryonic development due to mothers smoking in the periconceptional period is also associated with smaller foetal measurements at the 20-week ultrasound scan and a lower birth weight. Part of foetal and neonatal outcomes can be explained by smoking during the periconceptional period and the delay in embryonic development.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The Carnegie Stages only cover embryonic development for the first 10 weeks of gestation, so the researchers could not compare the embryo shapes against an agreed standard beyond this stage, but the ultrasound scans and birth weights provided developmental information instead, including head and abdominal circumferences and thigh bone length.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"The impact of periconceptional maternal smoking on delaying embryonic development appears to have a greater effect in the second trimester of pregnancy than at birth,\" said Dr Rousian. \"We think that perhaps there is some catch-up growth during the second and third trimesters, but the delay in morphological development cannot be fully recuperated during the course of the pregnancy, as is shown by the 20-week ultrasound scans and birth weights.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The mothers were taking part in the ongoing Rotterdam periconceptional cohort, a large prospective study embedded in patient care in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, which is a tertiary care hospital for preconception and prenatal care. Consequently, they do not represent the general population. However, Dr Rousian said the results are important for all women planning to become pregnant.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"The results of this study emphasise the importance of smoking cessation prior to conception and that efforts to help women stop smoking should focus on this time window. If possible, women should stop smoking from the very moment they plan to become pregnant, but it\'s always a good thing to stop smoking anyway, particularly at any stage of pregnancy. Smoking not only impacts an embryo\'s growth during pregnancy and birth weight, but also embryo development right from the very early stages of pregnancy,\" she said.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"We were able to show a dose-response effect of maternal smoking on embryonic morphology and foetal growth; the more cigarettes a woman smoked the greater the developmental delay. This stresses the importance of public health initiatives to promote preconception education and care, including effective programmes to assist couples to stop smoking.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Dr Rousian and her colleagues are studying how best to help future parents stop smoking with the help of face-to-face consultations, follow-up visits and digital lifestyle interventions. They believe this is important as numerous studies have shown how factors that affect foetal development can have an impact not only during pregnancy but also on health in later life.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"This is why the periconceptional period is an important area of research because many future parents are not aware of the presence of a developing embryo in the early days when a pregnancy has not yet been confirmed,\" said Dr Rousian.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">New developments, such as better imaging techniques, including virtual reality, have made it possible to study how an embryo develops in much greater detail, rather than depending on information gained from laboratory research.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">First author of the study, Dr Carsten Pietersma, a PhD candidate and ultrasonographer at Erasmus MC, said: \"Since it is known that smoking negatively affects foetal growth during pregnancy, we wanted to study how this may also impact the development of the embryo. This developmental morphological study using the Carnegie stages takes multiple dimensions of the embryo into account, instead of just one growth parameter.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Strengths of the study include the large number of pregnancies studied, with certainty about the dates of conception, particularly for the IVF/ICSI couples, and the availability of ultrasound data from the first trimester. Limitations include the fact that women reported their smoking habits using a questionnaire and so might not report accurately, leading to an underestimation of the true effects of smoking. The association between smoking one to nine cigarettes a day and delayed development was not significant, probably because of the small number of women in this group.</p></div>','2022-02-23 15:47:37.492532','uploads/news/stop-smoking-concept--1141358432-7447ddf163724342b857331902df3e94.jpg',1,'European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology','Smoking by mothers during the period immediately before and after conception is linked to a delay in embryonic development, smaller fetuses at the time of the 20-week ultrasound scan, and lower birth weight.',1,13,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">C S Pietersma, A G M G J Mulders, A Sabanovic, S P Willemsen, M S Jansen, E A P Steegers, R P M Steegers-Theunissen, M Rousian.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The impact of maternal smoking on embryonic morphological development: the Rotterdam Periconception Cohort</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Human Reproduction</em>, 2022; DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deac018\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1093/humrep/deac018</a></li></ol>'),(12,'Neural disruptions underlying feeding, swallowing disorders in children identified','neural-disruptions-underlying-feeding-swallowing-disorders-children-identified','2022-02-23 17:03:15.873222','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Every time you chew, talk, yawn, or sense the zap of a toothache, cranial nerve cells are shuttling electrochemical signals to your brain. Some of these neurons detect pain, while others sense facial muscle movements or sensations in the skin.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Now, in a new study published in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms</em>, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC scientists led by Anthony-Samuel LaMantia depict the early development of pain-sensing and movement-sensing neurons in the face and throat. The findings reveal a previously unexplored feature of brain and cranial nerve development underlying eating, swallowing, and speech.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"We were able to show for the first time that this momentary interaction between two groups of cells plays a crucial role in regulating movement and pain-sensing innervation in the face,\" LaMantia, professor and director of the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute\'s Center for Neurobiology Research.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers examined early neural development in mice embryos with DiGeorge syndrome, a rare genetic disorder associated with neural and facial abnormalities. Like human patients born with DiGeorge, mice can carry the identical genetic mutation, providing an ideal model to study where development goes awry at the cellular and molecular level.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Children born with DiGeorge commonly have trouble coordinating suckling and swallowing milk, a condition called pediatric dysphagia, but it\'s unclear how the mutation causes these functional abnormalities. While mouth, tongue, and throat movements involved in eating are controlled by motor neurons, mechanosensory neurons -- a subject of this study -- detect and integrate movement signals to fine-tune the behavior. The study also evaluated pain-sensing neurons, or nociceptors, which monitor potentially harmful aspects of eating behavior, including excessive temperatures and irritants like capsaicin in hot peppers.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">LaMantia and his laboratory have been studying this syndrome to disentangle facets of cranial nerve development and oropharyngeal behaviors for a decade.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Based on their prior research, the scientists knew that on day nine of mouse embryo development, two groups of cells -- neural crest and placode cells -- needed to meet to begin blueprinting the facial nerve. They knew that in the syndromic mice, something went wrong at this stage of development that had deleterious behavioral consequences, but it needed further investigation.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Starting out, we weren\'t sure if these two groups of cells just weren\'t migrating together to meet in the proper place, or if they were in the right place at the right time, and just failed to communicate,\" LaMantia said. With this newly published data, LaMantia\'s lab now suspects the latter is true.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Combining in vivo analysis and imaging to visualize a variety of molecular markers, the researchers found that neural crest cells were turning into pain-sensing neurons far too soon. This premature differentiation caused the quantity of placode cells, which become mechanosensory neurons, to increase relative to neural crest cells.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">This study builds on previous work by LaMantia\'s lab. Seven years ago, the researchers examined if the developing cranial nerve neurons were growing axons that met functional targets in the face, mouth, and throat. They found that compared with ordinary mice, the syndromic mice embryos lacked proper innervation -- the axons were shorter, misplaced, and disorganized.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Not only were the neurons confused about what they were supposed to do, their axons also didn\'t have precise destinations -- they just got lost,\" LaMantia said.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">In a follow-up study, LaMantia\'s lab identified key genes involved in regulating normal axonal growth in the cranial nerve. Remarkably, the researchers were able to restore ordinary cranial nerve growth in mice with DiGeorge syndrome by suppressing a specific gene.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The new discovery reveals how changes in gene expression associated with DiGeorge syndrome destabilize sensory neuron growth by interrupting a key interaction between neural crest and placode cells. LaMantia\'s lab now aims to uncover the molecular signals that these cell groups need to assemble a healthy cranial nerve.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Now that we\'ve identified the point of divergence where these functional oropharyngeal problems originate, our next step will be to understand the vocabulary these cells use to communicate with each other,\" LaMantia said.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">This research was funded in part by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, part of the National Institutes of Health; and the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute. LaMantia is also a professor in the College of Science Department of Biological Sciences and in the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics.</p></div>','2022-02-23 17:03:15.873257','uploads/news/download_5.jfif',1,'Virginia Tech','Scientists depict the early development of pain-sensing and movement-sensing neurons in the face and throat. The findings reveal a previously unexplored feature of brain and cranial nerve development underlying eating, swallowing, and speech.',1,14,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Beverly A. Karpinski, Thomas M. Maynard, Corey A. Bryan, Gelila Yitsege, Anelia Horvath, Norman H. Lee, Sally A. Moody, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Selective disruption of trigeminal sensory neurogenesis and differentiation in a mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms</em>, 2022; 15 (2) DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dmm.047357\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1242/dmm.047357</a></li></ol>'),(13,'Do pets have a positive effect on your brain health?','do-pets-have-positive-effect-your-brain-health','2022-02-24 02:45:50.856550','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Owning a pet, like a dog or cat, especially for five years or longer, may be linked to slower cognitive decline in older adults, according to a preliminary study released today, February 23, 2022</p><p><div id=\"newscientist_promotion\" class=\"newscientist-unit-wrapper nohyphenate\" style=\"word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; hyphens: none; margin: 25px 5px 25px 0px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"></div></p><div id=\"text\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">\"Prior studies have suggested that the human-animal bond may have health benefits like decreasing blood pressure and stress,\" said study author Tiffany Braley, MD, MS, of the University of Michigan Medical Center in Ann Arbor and a member of the American Academy of Neurology. \"Our results suggest pet ownership may also be protective against cognitive decline.\"</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">The study looked at cognitive data from 1,369 older adults with an average age of 65 who had normal cognitive skills at the start of the study. A total of 53% owned pets, and 32% were long-term pet owners, defined as those who owned pets for five years or more. Of study participants, 88% were white, 7% were Black, 2% were Hispanic and 3% were of another ethnicity or race.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">Researchers used data from the Health and Retirement Study, a large study of Medicare beneficiaries. In that study, people were given multiple cognitive tests. Researchers used those cognitive tests to develop a composite cognitive score for each person, ranging from zero to 27. The composite score included common tests of subtraction, numeric counting and word recall. Researchers then used participants\' composite cognitive scores and estimated the associations between years of pet ownership and cognitive function.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">Over six years, cognitive scores decreased at a slower rate in pet owners. This difference was strongest among long-term pet owners. Taking into account other factors known to affect cognitive function, the study showed that long-term pet owners, on average, had a cognitive composite score that was 1.2 points higher at six years compared to non-pet owners. The researchers also found that the cognitive benefits associated with longer pet ownership were stronger for Black adults, college-educated adults and men. Braley says more research is needed to further explore the possible reasons for these associations.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">\"As stress can negatively affect cognitive function, the potential stress-buffering effects of pet ownership could provide a plausible reason for our findings,\" said Braley. \"A companion animal can also increase physical activity, which could benefit cognitive health. That said, more research is needed to confirm our results and identify underlying mechanisms for this association.\"</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">A limitation of the study was that length of pet ownership was assessed only at one time point, so information regarding ongoing pet ownership was unavailable.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">The study will be presented at the American Academy of Neurology\'s 74th Annual Meeting being held in person in Seattle, April 2 to 7, 2022 and virtually, April 24 to 26, 2022.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Institute on Aging.</p></div>','2022-02-24 02:45:50.856591','uploads/news/5200.jpg',1,'American Academy of Neurology','Owning a pet, like a dog or cat, especially for five years or longer, may be linked to slower cognitive decline in older adults, according to a preliminary study.',1,16,'<p>American Academy of Neurology. \"Do pets have a positive effect on your brain health? Study shows long-term pet ownership linked to slower decline in cognition over time.\" ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 23 February 2022. &lt;www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220223210035.htm&gt;.<br></p>'),(14,'Global warming is amplifying our water cycle – and it’s happening much faster than we expected','global-warming-is-amplifying-our-water-cycle-and-its-happening-much-faster-than-we-expected','2022-02-24 02:49:01.319211','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">The global water cycle -- that is, the constant movement of freshwater between the clouds, land and the ocean -- plays an important role in our daily lives. This delicate system transports water from the ocean to the land, helping to make our environment habitable and soil fertile.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">But rising global temperatures have been making this system more extreme: water is moving away from dry regions towards wet regions, causing droughts to worsen in parts of the globe, while intensifying rainfall events and flooding in others. In other words, wet areas are getting wetter, and dry areas are getting drier.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Up until now, changes to the cycle have been difficult to directly observe, with around 80 per cent of global rainfall and evaporation happening over the ocean.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">But a new UNSW-led study, published today in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Nature</em>, has used changing patterns of salt in the ocean to estimate how much ocean freshwater has moved from the equator to the poles since 1970. The findings show that between two and four times more freshwater has moved than climate models anticipated -- giving us insights about how the global water cycle is amplifying as a whole.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"We already knew from previous work that the global water cycle was intensifying,\" says lead author of the study Dr Taimoor Sohail, a mathematician and postdoctoral research associate at UNSW Science. \"We just didn\'t know by how much.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"The movement of freshwater from warm to cold areas forms the lion\'s share of water transport. Our findings paint a picture of the larger changes happening in the global water cycle.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The team reached their findings by analysing observations from three historical data sets covering the period 1970-2014.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">But instead of focusing on direct rainfall observations -- which can be hard to measure across the ocean -- they focused on a more unusual aspect: how salty the water was in each ocean area.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"In warmer regions, evaporation removes fresh water from the ocean leaving salt behind, making the ocean saltier,\" says co-author Jan Zika, an associate professor in the UNSW School of Mathematics and Statistics.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"The water cycle takes that fresh water to colder regions where it falls as rain, diluting the ocean and making it less salty.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">In other words, the water cycle leaves a signature on the ocean salt pattern -- and by measuring these patterns, researchers can trace how the cycle changes over time.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The team estimate that between 1970 and 2014, an extra 46,000-77,000 cubic kilometres of freshwater was transported from the equator to the poles than expected -- that\'s around 18-30 centimetres of freshwater from tropical and sub-tropical regions, or roughly 123 times the water in Sydney Harbour.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Changes to the water cycle can have a critical impact on infrastructure, agriculture, and biodiversity,\" says Dr Sohail. \"It\'s therefore important to understand the way the climate change is impacting the water cycle now and into the future.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"This finding gives us an idea of how much this limb of the water cycle is changing, and can help us improve future climate change models.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Improving future projections</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">When Dr Sohail and the team compared their findings to 20 different climate models, they found that all the models had underestimated the actual change in warm-cold freshwater transfer.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Dr Sohail says the findings could mean we\'re underestimating the impacts of climate change on rainfall.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Findings like ours are how we improve these models,\" says Dr Sohail.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Each new generation of modelling adapts past models with real data, finding areas that we can improve upon in future models. This is a natural evolution in climate modelling.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Scientists are now using the sixth generation of climate modelling (called the Sixth Climate Model Intercomparison Project, or \'CMIP6\'), which incorporated updates from the fifth generation.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">This newest finding is a demonstration of the scientific process at work -- and could help improve future estimates.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Establishing the change in warm-to-cold freshwater transport means we can move forward and continue to make these important projections about how climate change is likely to impact our global water cycle,\" says Dr Sohail.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"In 10 or 20 years from now, scientists can use this reference to find out how much these patterns are further changing over time.\"</p><div><br></div></div>','2022-02-24 02:49:01.319259','uploads/news/download_6.jfif',1,'University of New South Wales','A research team has used changing patterns of salt in the ocean to estimate that between 1970 and 2014, at least two times more freshwater shifted from the equator to the poles than our climate models predicted -- giving us insights about how the global water cycle is amplifying as a whole.',1,18,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Taimoor Sohail, Jan D. Zika, Damien B. Irving, John A. Church.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Observed poleward freshwater transport since 1970</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Nature</em>, 2022; 602 (7898): 617 DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04370-w\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1038/s41586-021-04370-w</a></li></ol>'),(15,'Patients with rare skin cancer face 40% recurrence rate','patients-rare-skin-cancer-face-40-recurrence-rate','2022-02-24 03:05:39.594386','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Patients treated for Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) face a five-year recurrence rate of 40% -- markedly higher than the recurrence rates for melanoma and other skin cancers, according to research published today in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">JAMA Dermatology</em>.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Additionally, in the study cohort of more than 600 patients, 95% of MCC recurrences happened in the first three years, suggesting that surveillance efforts should be focused on that span the authors wrote.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Merkel cell cancer is a life-changing diagnosis. It can be time-consuming, costly and exhausting to undergo clinic visits, imaging studies and blood draws. Now we have data on the time intervals and cancer stages that merit higher or lower surveillance intensity,\" said Dr. Aubriana McEvoy, who led the research while she was at the University of Washington School of Medicine. She is currently a dermatology resident at Washington University in St. Louis.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Merkel cell cancer is a rare, aggressive skin cancer, more often fatal than invasive melanoma and basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas. Merkel cell carcinoma is composed of cells that look very similar to \'Merkel\' cells that are a key part of the epidermis, the skin\'s outer layer. Normal Merkel cells communicate touch-related information such as pressure and texture to the brain.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">This study comprised 618 patients (37% female) whose ages ranged from 11 to 98 and whose median age was 69. In this cohort, initial treatment (surgery, radiation and systemic therapy) had a median duration of 90 days.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The authors sought to characterize post-treatment recurrence risk of MCC diagnosed at pathologic (listed below) and clinical stages.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Risk of recurrence at one year was found to be:</p><ul style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">11% among patients diagnosed with stage I disease</li><li style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">33% among patients diagnosed with stages IIA/IIB disease</li><li style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">30% among patients diagnosed with stages IIIA disease</li><li style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">45% among patients diagnosed with stage IIIB disease</li><li style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">58% among patients diagnosed with stage IV disease</li></ul><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The investigators found four factors associated with higher recurrence risk: advanced age, male sex, immunosuppression, and a known primary lesion amid clinically detectable nodal disease.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">As expected, survival among cohort patients was strongly dependent on cancer stage at time of diagnosis: The MCC-specific survival rate at five years post-treatment was 95% for patients diagnosed at stage I vs. 41% for patients diagnosed at stage IV.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">MCC survival \"is a more accurate measure of disease risk than overall survival,\" the authors wrote, because patients, with a median age of 70 at diagnosis, are at \"considerable\" risk of death from conditions unrelated to cancer. Again, stage at diagnosis was associated with a meaningful difference: 90% of deaths among patients with stage IV disease were attributed to MCC, whereas just 57% of deaths among patients diagnosed at stage I were attributed to the disease.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"This is a tricky cancer to beat because it comes back -- after optimal therapy in almost half of patients. We want to help patients figure out how much remaining risk of recurrence they have at various times after diagnosis,\" said Dr. Paul Nghiem, chair of dermatology at the UW School of Medicine. He is the study\'s senior author and an expert on Merkel cell cancer.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">He added that the UW\'s database is likely the most comprehensive anywhere for MCC case therapies and outcomes.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"These are all patients who were followed meticulously to know why they\'re doing well or not doing well. The size of the data set has allowed us to see patterns more clearly, and we need data to drive optimal decision-making,\" Nghiem said.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">U.S. incidence of MCC is low relative to other skin cancers, but also is on a steep upward trajectory because the disease is closely associated with age. About 3,200 cases will be diagnosed this year, according to a 2018 study by Nghiem and colleagues.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">By contrast, about 100,000 new melanomas will be diagnosed this year. Basal cell carcinoma is far more common, with 3.6 million cases diagnosed annually, and squamous cell carcinoma numbers 1.8 million new cases a year, according to the Skin Cancer Foundation.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Each of these cancers has a significantly lower post-treatment recurrence rate than MCC, the authors noted: melanoma 19%, squamous cell 5-9%, basal cell 1-2%.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">This research was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute (P01 CA225517 and Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA015704), the MCC Patient Gift Fund, and the Kelsey Dickson Team Science Courage Research Team Award from the Prostate Cancer Foundation.</p><div><br></div></div>','2022-02-24 03:05:39.594421','uploads/news/ds00035_im01666_colon_gif.webp',1,'University of Washington School of Medicine/UW Medicine','Patients treated for Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) face a five-year recurrence rate of 40% -- markedly higher than the recurrence rates for melanoma and other skin cancers. Additionally, in the study cohort of more than 600 patients, 95% of MCC recurrences happened in the first three years, suggesting that surveillance efforts should be focused on that span',1,19,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Aubriana M. McEvoy, Kristina Lachance, Daniel S. Hippe, Kelsey Cahill, Yasman Moshiri, Christopher W. Lewis, Neha Singh, Song Y. Park, Zoe Thuesmunn, Maclean M. Cook, Nora A. Alexander, Lauren Zawacki, Hannah Thomas, Kelly G. Paulson, Paul Nghiem.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Recurrence and Mortality Risk of Merkel Cell Carcinoma by Cancer Stage and Time From Diagnosis</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">JAMA Dermatology</em>, 2022; DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.6096\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.6096</a></li></ol>'),(16,'Monitoring breast milk for PFAS','monitoring-breast-milk-pfas','2022-02-24 03:08:13.184031','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large family of synthetic organic chemicals that do not occur naturally in the environment. Used extensively in everyday products like non-stick coatings, food-contact surfaces, stain-resistant fabrics and personal care products, they are often referred to as \"forever chemicals\" because they remain in the environment for a very long time. Production of some \"legacy\" PFAS (e.g., PFOA and PFOS) has been banned or voluntarily discontinued in many countries, but other PFAS variations have taken their place, and their effects on health and the environment are poorly understood.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">While there is over 20 years of biomonitoring data on PFAS in human serum and urine, scientists and physicians have a limited understanding of the level of these chemicals in breast milk. Now, in a study published in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Environmental Health Perspectives</em>&nbsp;a group of U.S. and Canadian scientists have analyzed the studies on this subject.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"As often happens in the field of toxicology, it was the communities that are most exposed to these chemicals\" -- people living or working close to airports, military bases, landfills and industries that produce PFAS -- \"and who are most concerned about their possible effects on breastfed infants and their families that asked the scientists for help,\" said the study\'s sole Canadian co-author,Marc-André Verner, a toxicology expert and professor at the Université de Montréal School of Public Health.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Small sample Sizes; Modeling Levels in Breast Milk</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">To initiate their study, the research team first conducted a literature search and found only three papers in the U.S. and Canada that included data that measured levels of PFAS in breast milk. These data included 129 samples from three U.S. states and 13 samples from one Canadian province.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">To compensate for the scarcity of data, the team developed a model using global maternal serum to milk concentration ratios in the published literature to estimate the breastmilk concentrations of four PFAS: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). They then compared the measured and estimated breast milk concentrations to Environmental Media Evaluation Guides (EMEGs) -- children\'s drinking water screening values developed by the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. EMEGs for children were selected because children consume proportionately more water than adults.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The authors reported that the measured and estimated mean concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in breast milk exceeded the screening values, sometimes by more than two orders of magnitude. However, for PFHxS and PFNA, most measured and estimated mean breast milk concentrations were lower than the children\'s drinking-water screening values.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"First and foremost, we want to be sure that women and their health care providers have the information they need to make important decisions, when necessary,\" said Suzanne Fenton, lead author and a toxicologist at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, \"We know very little about PFAS levels in breast milk. Our approach provided estimated breast milk concentrations of PFAS that are both nationally representative of women in the U.S. and Canada, as well as women living in areas of the U.S that are known to be contaminated with PFAS.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Screening values</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Screening values, such as the ATSDR EMEGs selected for comparison in this study, are used by public-health professionals to decide whether current environmental exposures warrant a more in-depth evaluation to determine if they could harm people\'s health (i.e., exposures below these levels are not expected to cause adverse effects).</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"There are currently no screening values for PFAS in breast milk, which seriously limits our ability to interpret these data in terms of the risk to infants\' health,\" Verner noted. Without them, he said, even if the PFAS concentrations in breastmilk exceed the values for drinking water, it\'s impossible to predict if harmful health effects will result.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">To breastfeed or not to breastfeed?</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The members of the research team point out that the benefits of breastfeeding for infant health are well established.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"This study was an exploratory analysis, and it had several limitations because of the scarcity of data,\" noted co-lead author Judy LaKind, environmental health consultant and former president of the International Society of Exposure Science. \"Our research team wants to underscore that there are major gaps in the data on PFAS in breast milk and this is an area where more research and more monitoring are urgently needed.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Need for a national breast-milk monitoring program</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">In order to provide credible advice to pregnant or breastfeeding women, scientists, health professionals and breastfeeding counsellors need information; national breastmilk monitoring programs (e.g., in the U.S. or Canada) over the long term could provide that information. Additionally, more data and resources would help to support decision-making about the risks and benefits of breastfeeding and to enable public-health agencies to make recommendations to individuals, health care providers, and communities.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">For instance, studies that measure PFAS in milk and serum samples taken at the same time from breastfeeding women would be of great value to validate the new analysis and refine the assessment of breastfeeding infants\' exposure, the study\'s authors maintain. \"It is past time to have a better understanding of environmental chemical transfer to -- and concentrations in -- an exceptional source of infant nutrition\" they note in their report.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Several national government agencies, including Health Canada and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, are now are working to develop or review risk assessments for various individual PFAS. Meanwhile, a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine committee, of which Verner is a member, is considering guidelines for physicians treating patients who have been exposed to PFAS.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Several of the study\'s authors, including Fenton and Verner, have started working on new research to measure concentrations of PFAS in breast milk, in collaboration with Université de Montréal chemistry professorSébastien Sauvé. The researchers will measure a wide range of PFAS in samples from breast-milk biobanks.</p></div>','2022-02-24 03:08:13.184064','uploads/news/image.jfif',1,'University of Montrea','A research team has estimated concentrations of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in breast milk -- and raise the need for more research.',1,20,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Judy S. LaKind, Marc-André Verner, Rachel D. Rogers, Helen Goeden, Daniel Q. Naiman, Satori A. Marchitti, Geniece M. Lehmann, Erin P. Hines, Suzanne E. Fenton.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Current Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don’t We Know More?</strong>&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Environmental Health Perspectives</em>, 2022; 130 (2) DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP10359\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1289/EHP10359</a></li></ol>'),(17,'Discovery of new Hendra virus variant a lesson in emerging disease surveillance','discovery-new-hendra-virus-variant-lesson-emerging-disease-surveillance','2022-02-25 02:06:50.060601','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">A new variant of the Hendra virus has been identified by Sydney-led research as a cause of fatal illness in Australian horses, and of risk for virus spillover into humans.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">A second case of the variant was confirmed by the NSW Department of Primary Industries near Newcastle in October 2021, using updated testing methods made possible by the research.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The story of its discovery serves as a case study on how ongoing disease surveillance programs are crucial to detecting emerging diseases.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Hendra virus circulates among flying foxes and is fatal to horses and humans. All flying-fox species in Australia are capable of being infected with the virus and may transmit it to humans via spillover infection of domestic animals. Flying foxes are a protected species, critical to our environment because they pollinate our native trees and spread seeds.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Flying foxes transmit the virus to horses via exposure to virus-laden fluids such as urine when horses graze near or below trees with feeding bats.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Since 1994 there have been seven human cases, four of which were fatal, and all had been exposed to horses infected with Hendra.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers say the discovery demonstrates the importance of extensive biosecurity and surveillance programs that mirror the complexity of how new viruses emerge.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">This includes examining areas and scenarios where new viruses and emerging diseases are likely to come into contact with susceptible domestic animal and humans, such as veterinarians. This is the foundation of the \'Horses as Sentinels\' program, which led the detection of the new Hendra virus variant.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"For a long time, there has been discussion among international organisations about the need for co-operation across multiple research disciplines to monitor for any risks of emerging diseases, but this is very hard to achieve,\" says lead researcher, veterinarian and epidemiologist Dr Edward Annand, from the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases , Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Epidemiology -- One Health Section.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"This is an example that it can play out successfully- there is value in bringing together a team with multiple perspectives, using their strongest tools to improve disease surveillance.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">How to detect a new variant</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Detection of the new variant was due to a seven-year effort to create a network of frontline veterinarians, molecular biologists and virologists aiming to detect new viruses in domestic species, which has been called the \'One-Health\' network.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">This \'One Health\' network also included United States-based researchers. This allowed the researchers to share field and clinical observations and combine multiple laboratory techniques in parallel.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"This virus was different enough to avoid the established routine testing and screening,\" says Dr Annand.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers also found more than 93 percent of horses that were tested for Hendra virus were in regions where spillover had previously been detected (eastern Queensland and North-eastern New South Wales), meaning there was reduced scope for detection outside these areas.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Dr Annand says there has been a general misconception that Hendra virus cases only occur in these areas, and that has served as a barrier to investigating this disease.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The new variant was detected near Newcastle, central New South Wales and it reinforces the need for broader testing -- including in all regions frequented by flying foxes.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"The good news is that the scientific findings support our understanding that the current equine vaccine will be equally effective against this strain, meaning reliable mitigation of human health risk is available via immunisation of horses,\" says Dr Annand.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The research with these findings was published in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Emerging Infectious Diseases</em>.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">A virus detective story</strong></p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The new variant of the Hendra virus was found in a laboratory sample from a Queensland horse that died an unexplained death in September 2015.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Although the veterinarian suspected Hendra virus, routine screening and diagnostic tests for Hendra were unable to confirm any diagnosis, as they were designed to test for already known Hendra virus strains.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Samples from the Queensland horse were stored in a state laboratory, alongside samples from horses that were routinely tested for disease.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Instead of the samples being discarded after routine investigations, we partnered with the Queensland state biosecurity department to establish a bio-bank and developed a system to screen using innovative tests for known and unknown diseases,\" says Dr Annand.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">In 2021, using Next Generation sequencing (a type of molecular testing designed to detect unknown agents by extensively searching of genetic material contained in a sample), the team confirmed the Queensland horse\'s cause of death as a previously unrecognised Hendra variant.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers alerted veterinarians and Australian laboratories and drew on their collaboration with United States partners to confirm that the current treatments would be equally effective in protecting against the new Hendra virus strain.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The new Hendra variant is not the only novel spillover that the collaborative team has uncovered. Previously, Dr Annand facilitated detection of spillover of Australian bat lyssavirus to horses by Queensland State biosecurity and CSIRO scientists. The Horses as Sentinels collaboration, led by the University of Sydney and Australia\'s national science agency, CSIRO, grew from this experience.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"It\'s great to see this collaborative project make such an important discovery which increases our understanding of the disease and the distribution of Hendra viruses. This research has already made us realise the importance of this type of work and the positive impacts that it can have for protecting the health of horses and humans,\" says co-senior author Dr Ina Smith, from CSIRO.</p></div>','2022-02-25 02:06:50.060644','uploads/news/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_1718_The_Hendra_Virus.jpg',1,'University of Sydney','New research has uncovered an unrecognized variant of the Hendra virus, prompting re-evaluation of spillover risk from horses and their carers to other humans.',1,21,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Edward J. Annand, Bethany A. Horsburgh, Kai Xu, Peter A. Reid, Ben Poole, Maximillian C. de Kantzow, Nicole Brown, Alison Tweedie, Michelle Michie, John D. Grewar, Anne E. Jackson, Nagendrakumar B. Singanallur, Karren M. Plain, Karan Kim, Mary Tachedjian, Brenda van der Heide, Sandra Crameri, David T. Williams, Cristy Secombe, Eric D. Laing, Spencer Sterling, Lianying Yan, Louise Jackson, Cheryl Jones, Raina K. Plowright, Alison J. Peel, Andrew C. Breed, Ibrahim Diallo, Navneet K. Dhand, Philip N. Britton, Christopher C. Broder, Ina Smith, John-Sebastian Eden.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Novel Hendra Virus Variant Detected by Sentinel Surveillance of Horses in Australia</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Emerging Infectious Diseases</em>, 2022; 28 (3): 693 DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2803.211245\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.3201/eid2803.211245</a></li></ol>'),(18,'Stepping stones along the exercise stress response pathway','stepping-stones-along-exercise-stress-response-pathway','2022-02-25 02:10:08.827854','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Athletes and the general population alike train to promote health and physical fitness. With repeated exposure to the minimal stress of exercise, the body adapts. Researchers at the University of Tsukuba have sought to paint a detailed picture of the physiological stress response to moderate-intensity exercise that occurs after the lactate threshold is surpassed. In a recently published study in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Neuroendocrinology</em>, the researchers have confirmed that arginine vasopressin and corticotrophin-releasing hormone regulate an important indicator of stress: the adrenocorticotropic hormone.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">With sufficiently lengthy moderate-intensity exercise, anaerobic respiration processes contribute to producing fuel for the brain and muscles. Lactic acid can build up in the blood, at which point the stress response kicks in.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers confirmed that, in response to exercise stress in rats, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted, which involves the release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamic neurons into the pituitary portal vessels. They used an established animal exercise-stress model to represent human physiological responses and blockers for each factor. \"This avoided the difficulties of earlier studies that had used blood samples only, and were unable to identify the causal relationship between ACTH and AVP and CRH responses during exercise stress,\" explains Professor Hideaki Soya. Because of the study\'s design, the research team could evaluate each factor\'s contribution separately and in combination, as well as factor-related activation in the brain, in response to the exercise protocol.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">AVP blockers and CRH blockers had an effect on ACTH release from the anterior pituitary only during running (not before running). Each blocker had an effect alone, yet a larger effect was observed when blockers were administered in combination. Furthermore, both arginine vasopressin and corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurons were activated with exercise stress; however, concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the blood were only correlated with activation of arginine vasopressin neurons. \"Thus, both arginine vasopressin and corticotrophin-releasing hormone may contribute to regulating adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion, in different ways, but may do so cooperatively, and therefore together play an important role in the stress response,\" says first author Kanako Takahashi.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">By uncovering this piece of the puzzle, the precise point at which the stress response is activated by exercise is one step closer to being fully understood. Because excessive stress has profound physiological effects, like delaying recovery from exercise, continued research may provide a clearer picture of the stress response, which could contribute to improved athletic and fitness training efficiency and outcomes.</p></div>','2022-02-25 02:10:08.827887','uploads/news/download_7.jfif',1,'University of Tsukuba','A research team confirmed that interference with the action of arginine vasopressin and corticotrophin-releasing hormone inhibits stress responses in rats during moderate-intensity exercise. Their findings suggest that these factors cooperatively regulate adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion.',1,22,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Kanako Takahashi, Takeru Shima, Mariko Soya, Jang Soo Yook, Hikaru Koizumi, Subrina Jesmin, Tsuyoshi Saito, Masahiro Okamoto, Hideaki Soya.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Exercise-Induced Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Response Is Cooperatively Regulated by Hypothalamic Arginine Vasopressin and Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Neuroendocrinology</em>, 2021; DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000521237\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1159/000521237</a></li></ol>'),(19,'Pancreatic cancer: Cellular process suggests path to new treatment options','pancreatic-cancer-cellular-process-suggests-path-new-treatment-options','2022-02-25 02:12:35.139862','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Drug resistance is a major obstacle in the treatment of cancers. In an aggressive type of pancreatic cancer, for instance, drug resistance is associated with the suppression of programmed cell death, which results in the uncontrolled growth of cancer cells. Until recently, the process underlying this phenomenon had remained unknown. A team of researchers from Charité -- Universitätsmedizin Berlin have now elucidated the way in which different factors interact in order to enable these cancer cells to survive. They were able to show that inhibition of a key protein limits cancer growth. The researchers\' findings, which have been published in&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">PNAS</em>, may herald a new treatment target for aggressive cancers.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Some types of cancer are particularly difficult to treat, due to their ability to evade existing therapies. Pancreatic cancer is one such cancer -- specifically, an aggressive subtype known as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Every year, approximately 19,000 people in Germany develop pancreatic cancer. The most common reason for treatment resistance is the suppression of the process of programmed cell death, known as apoptosis. Targeted treatment therefore requires the use of new treatment strategies. \"In addition to identifying a new treatment target, we were able to elucidate a mechanism which enables us to circumvent cancer cell resistance. This enabled us to propose a new strategy for the treatment of particularly aggressive forms of cancer,\" says PD Dr. Matthias Wirth of Charité\'s Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology on Campus Benjamin Franklin.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Working alongside colleagues from other research organizations in Germany, the United States and the Netherlands, PD Dr. Wirth and his team undertook a detailed study of the processes involved in apoptosis. They discovered that the NOXA protein -- which is a key proapoptotic factor -- appears to be suppressed in particularly aggressive forms of pancreatic cancer. The mechanism responsible for this suppression had remained unknown until now. \"Our approach was therefore to identify drug candidates which might be capable of unleashing NOXA\'s cancer-suppressing potential. Using an unbiased drug screening experiment to systematically test substances in genetically altered cell lines, we were able to identify one effective substance,\" explains PD Dr. Wirth. He continues: \"The substance in question was an inhibitor of the transcription factor known as RUNX1, which is usually present in large quantities in patients with pancreatic cancer and is associated with an inferior prognosis.\" The researchers performed a comprehensive series of genome-wide gene expression analyses in order to identify gene activity. This enabled the researchers to show that loss of the RUNX1 gene cancels the suppression of the NOXA protein, which suggests that the RUNX1 protein prevents apoptosis, meaning it has a cancer-promoting effect.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers also found that NOXA gene activity is controlled through spatial interaction with a distant, non-coding DNA sequence to which the transcription factor RUNX1 can bind. As part of a nationwide collaboration, the researchers were then able to demonstrate the same apoptosis-inducing effect of RUNX1 inhibition in both a mouse model and in organoids (cancer patient-derived, three-dimensional cell cultures). Summing up the research, PD Dr. Wirth says: \"Our findings therefore direct our focus towards effective RUNX1 inhibitors as a potential new option in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.\" He adds: \"We are now investigating the degree to which this newly discovered mechanism might translate to other types of cancers. Our next step will be to test more substances, in particular ones already in clinical use. We hope this will enable us to uncover potential combination therapies which would then be tested in clinical studies and ultimately expand the treatment options available to patients with cancer.\"</p></div>','2022-02-25 02:12:35.139896','uploads/news/21786-pancreatic-cancer-illustration.jpg',1,'Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin','Drug resistance is a major obstacle in the treatment of cancers. In an aggressive type of pancreatic cancer, for instance, drug resistance is associated with the suppression of programmed cell death, which results in the uncontrolled growth of cancer cells. Until recently, the process underlying this phenomenon had remained unknown. A team of researchers has now elucidated the way in which different factors interact in order to enable these cancer cells to survive. They were able to show that inhibition of a key protein limits cancer growth. The researchers\' findings may herald a new treatment target for aggressive cancers.',1,23,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Josefina Doffo, Stefanos A. Bamopoulos, Hazal Köse, Felix Orben, Chuanbing Zang, Miriam Pons, Alexander T. den Dekker, Rutger W. W. Brouwer, Apoorva Baluapuri, Stefan Habringer, Maximillian Reichert, Anuradha Illendula, Oliver H. Krämer, Markus Schick, Elmar Wolf, Wilfred F. J. van IJcken, Irene Esposito, Ulrich Keller, Günter Schneider, Matthias Wirth.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">NOXA expression drives synthetic lethality to RUNX1 inhibition in pancreatic cancer</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em>, 2022; 119 (9): e2105691119 DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105691119\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1073/pnas.2105691119</a></li></ol>'),(20,'Factors that shaped the massive Cauca River Canyon in the tropical Andes','factors-shaped-massive-cauca-river-canyon-tropical-andes','2022-02-25 02:14:50.737522','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">With steep walls and deep valleys, the Grand Canyon in the western United States or the massive gorges that saw through the margins of the Tibetan Plateau are some of the most awesome and spectacular landforms on the planet. But have you ever wondered how they are formed?</p><p><div class=\"impact-unit-wrapper\" style=\"margin: 25px 5px 25px 0px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><div class=\"pgs-dpg-card\" data-pgs-partner-id=\"sciencedaily\" data-loaded=\"true\" widget-loading=\"true\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"></div></div></p><div id=\"text\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">Some studies have proposed that canyons form when a mountain range grows in height and a river running through it cuts into the rock formation like a knife, ultimately forming gorges. Other studies have associated canyon incision with past changes in climate. For example, in the Miocene (about 15 million years ago), an increase in precipitation rates is believed to be the cause behind rapid incision of the Mekong River in China.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">But what about canyons in hot and humid tropical latitudes? Researchers from the College of Arts and Sciences\' (A&amp;S\') Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (EES) at Syracuse University recently embarked on a research expedition to the Tropical Andes of Colombia to study the massive Cauca River canyon. The team\'s objective was to determine the age of formation of the Cauca River canyon and then compare that with known tectonic and climatic processes that happened in the region during the past 10 million years to figure out what caused its incision. The team concluded that erosion in the Cauca River canyon was driven by tectonic processes. Their study, which expands the understanding of erosion hotspots in tropical landscapes and why they occur in certain areas, will be an important source of information for decision makers who must take erosion and landslides into account during infrastructure planning. Their results were presented in two papers that appeared in<span>&nbsp;</span><em style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Global and Planetary Change</em><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><em style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Geological Society of America Bulletin.</em></p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">The study was led by MIT postdoctoral fellow Nicolás Pérez-Consuegra \'21 Ph.D., who completed the research as a graduate student in EES with support from the Graduate School\'s Research Excellence Doctoral Funding Program and an A&amp;S doctoral fellowship. He collaborated on the project with his advisor Gregory Hoke, associate professor and chair of EES, Paul Fitzgerald, professor in EES, and international colleagues from the University of Potsdam, Germany, the German Centre for Geoscience Research, Germany, the University of Granada, Spain and Ecopetrol Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">The authors used a combination of techniques. They analyzed the landscape using data derived from satellite imagery; carried out fieldwork to collect rock samples along one of the steep walls of the canyon; and analyzed those rock samples using thermochronology. Thermochronology is a technique that allows the researchers to figure out when and how fast a canyon is carved into a mountain by recording when the rocks cooled to surface temperatures. Certain minerals, in this case apatite, become radioactive clocks as the rocks cool.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">In their landscape analysis they observed a surprising feature -- a massive plateau elevated ~2.5 km (~8,200 ft) surrounded by hundreds of waterfalls and very steep rivers draining the flanks of the plateau.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">\"Finding such a flat landform at high elevations in a tropical climate is unexpected and suggested that the topography could not be very old,\" says Pérez-Consuegra. \"If the topography had been old, the rivers would have probably already eroded the plateau.\"</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">What might have caused these elevated plateaus? Between the period of 50 to 10 million years ago, the research team believes erosion smoothed the landscape to low, rolling hills. About 10 million years ago tectonic forces began lifting that smoothed landscape, creating a plateau perched at its current elevation of ~2.5 km (~8,200 ft). This was likely caused by a change in the angle of the oceanic plate that subducts beneath northern South America through a process called slab flattening.</p><p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px;\">Their findings provide a plausible link between tectonic processes rooted deep in the Earth and erosion in the form of canyons being carved by rivers. Pérez-Consuegra says the team is now trying to determine catchment-scale erosion rates in the Central Cordillera of Colombia to discover how fast the rivers are incising and eroding into the plateau. They have collected sand from more than 20 rivers to calculate erosion rates through a technique which uses cosmogenic nuclides to estimate the length of time rock takes to traverse the upper 4 ft. (1.2 m) of the Earth\'s surface as it is converted to sediment. Their results will pinpoint the areas where erosion is most active, and thus those same places where infrastructure and human populations will be most vulnerable.</p></div>','2022-02-25 02:14:50.737559','uploads/news/DSC_2774.original.jpg',1,'Syracuse University','A team of researchers recently embarked on a research expedition to the Tropical Andes of Colombia to study the massive Cauca River canyon. The team\'s objective was to determine the age of formation of the Cauca River canyon and then compare that with known tectonic and climatic processes that happened in the region during the past 10 million years to figure out what caused its incision. The team concluded that erosion in the Cauca River canyon was driven by tectonic processes.',1,18,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Nicolás Pérez-Consuegra, Richard F. Ott, Gregory D. Hoke, Jorge P. Galve, Vicente Pérez-Peña, Andrés Mora.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Neogene variations in slab geometry drive topographic change and drainage reorganization in the Northern Andes of Colombia</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Global and Planetary Change</em>, 2021; 206: 103641 DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103641\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103641</a></li><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">N. Pérez-Consuegra, G.D. Hoke, P. Fitzgerald, A. Mora, E.R. Sobel, J. Glodny.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Late Miocene−Pliocene onset of fluvial incision of the Cauca River Canyon in the Northern Andes</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">GSA Bulletin</em>, 2022; DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B36047.1\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1130/B36047.1</a></li></ol>'),(21,'\'Seeing\' non-uniformities in 2D materials may lead to new medical sensors','seeing-non-uniformities-2d-materials-may-lead-new-medical-sensors','2022-02-25 02:17:36.982150','<p id=\"first\" class=\"lead\" style=\"font-size: 18px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">A novel and better approach at detecting non-uniformities in the optical properties of two-dimensional materials could potentially open the door to new uses for these materials, such as for drug detection, according to a team of researchers.</p><div id=\"text\" style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\"><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"The Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium (2DCC) is a world leader in 2D materials research and my lab often works with the 2DCC doing materials characterization for novel 2D materials,\" said Slava V. Rotkin, Frontier Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics with an appointment in the Materials Research Institute at Penn State. \"There is a big challenge in these studies: Frequently, optical properties of 2D materials are not uniform in space. Furthermore, they may vary at a very small spatial scale, down to a single atom.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Rotkin and other researchers were able to take one step toward a possible solution, which was outlined in<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">&nbsp;ACS Nano.</em>&nbsp;While Rotkin stresses they only gave a demonstration of the principle in the study, the solution they propose was used for van der Waals heterostructures which could enable sensors made with 2D materials, materials that are one to a few atoms thick.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Sensors can be developed that enable sensing of bio-, chemical and/or medical analytes of interest. Analytes are specific chemicals targeted for measurement or analysis. A good sensor detects these analytes with minimal sample preparation, in an abbreviated time frame, with low detection limits, and using samples containing substances other than the key analyte.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Identifying and understanding variability of properties in materials could be extremely important for applications of 2D materials as sensors. The sensor material typically can only interact with the analyte at the surface. Thus, the material\'s surface is an active area, while material\'s volume is not. The larger the ratio of surface to volume, the lower the fraction of material which cannot be used. Such atomically thin materials have the ultimate surface-to-volume ratio for sensor use and may possess surface non-uniformities at the nanometer scale. This includes atomic impurities, adsorbates, defects, wrinkles, ruptures, etc. Such features can modulate the optical properties.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Despite this being critical for effectiveness in certain application of 2D materials, there is currently no truly effective approach to detect these variabilities,\" Rotkin said. \"Due to their being so tiny, they are undetectable by optical tools and non-optical tools cannot resolve optical contrast.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers conducted experiments using a heterostructure material made of graphene, the 2D material version of graphite, and the inorganic compound molybdenum disulfide. The molybdenum disulfide gives a photoluminescence signal that detects the amount of charge transfer between the graphene and the molybdenum disulfide layers. Therefore, it can detect changes due to the bio analyte, which in this case is the cancer treatment drug doxorubicin, that can affect the charge.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">These changes are also detectable in graphene via analysis by Raman spectroscopy, which discovers unique vibrations in molecules. A Raman microscope picks up shifts in the frequency of photons in the laser light beam caused by these vibrations.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"The two channels together allow a better calibration of the two signals against analyte concentration and the type of analyte,\" Rotkin said. \"And additionally, graphene enhances the Raman signal of the analyte itself to the extent one can \'see\' a signal from just a few molecules.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The researchers used doxorubicin as their analyte because it is a common cancer drug used in chemotherapy, and there is an acute need for biosensors to detect it to help regulate dosage and reduce side effects. There are two types of biosensors that work for this purpose, label-free biosensors, which can be used to detect a variety of drugs, and label-based biosensors, which can detect only a specific drug. The researchers used label-free biosensing in the study.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"The label-based biosensor is like a lock that can be opened with only one key, but the label-free biosensor is like a lock with many different keys,\" Rotkin said. \"We did not invent label-free multimodal biosensing, this approach has been in other studies. But an actual demonstration with a specific material is new and still important by itself.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">This could lead to steps for solving various health care challenges.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Keeping in mind that there is a gap between fundamental research and its applications, I would say we contributed a brick to building a large set of nanotechnology/nanomaterials for biosensing and other applications,\" Rotkin said. \"Label-free detection lays the groundwork for smart and integrated sensors, new bio-threat safety techniques and more individualized medicine and treatments, among others benefits.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">This is also significant because creating a label-free biosensor is more challenging than developing a label-based biosensor.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"We make it work by merging several sensors in one device, think about the lock and key analogy as three locks on one chain,\" Rotkin said \"Specifically, we apply the doxorubicin to our 2D material, which produces three different optical signals, constituting a multimodal sensing. By measuring three signals at once instead of just one like in a normal sensor, this allows us to detect doxorubicin using label-free biosensing.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Along with the biosensing possibilities, there are also more immediate benefits to this research, according to Rotkin.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"This work gives us deeper knowledge of overall optical properties of 2D materials,\" Rotkin said. \"We uncovered some of the mechanisms for one specific structure, graphene and MoS2. But our nanoimaging method is applicable to many others, if not to all. Also, we hope to attract additional attention to the physics of 2D material heterostructures such as our composite material which combined the properties of graphene and MoS2 single-layer materials.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The next steps for this research will include applying the materials component of their work to other projects at the 2DCC and at Penn State\'s National Science Foundation Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, the Center for Nanoscale Science. This would include projects involving quantum plasmonics and 2D non-linear optics. In addition, the research team will be looking for partners to research practical applications.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">\"Since label-free detection is universal, we are not limited by a type of analyte, application nor problem,\" Rotkin said. \"Still, there needs to be someone with a real problem to apply the approach. We are looking for collaborators from the world of medicine for some exciting new joint research.\"</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Along with Rotkin, who was a co-presenting author of the study, other authors include: from the University of North Carolina Greensboro, co-presenting author Tetyana Ignatova, assistant professor of nanoscience; Sajedeh Pourianejad and Kirby Schmidt, doctoral students in nanoscience. From Penn State, an additional author of the study is Xinyi Li, doctoral candidate in engineering science. From North Carolina A &amp; T State University, additional authors of the study include Frederick Aryeetey, doctoral candidate at the time of the study, and Shyam Aravamudhan, director of core facilities at Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering and associate professor of nanoengineering.</p><p style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">The National Science Foundation supported this research.</p></div>','2022-02-25 02:17:36.982189','uploads/news/download_8.jfif',1,'Penn State',':\r\nA novel and better approach at detecting non-uniformities in the optical properties of two-dimensional materials could potentially open the door to new uses for these materials.',1,25,'<ol class=\"journal\" style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 20px; border-radius: 0px !important;\"><li style=\"margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px; border-radius: 0px !important;\">Tetyana Ignatova, Sajedeh Pourianejad, Xinyi Li, Kirby Schmidt, Frederick Aryeetey, Shyam Aravamudhan, Slava V. Rotkin.&nbsp;<strong style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">Multidimensional Imaging Reveals Mechanisms Controlling Multimodal Label-Free Biosensing in Vertical 2DM-Heterostructures</strong>.&nbsp;<em style=\"border-radius: 0px !important;\">ACS Nano</em>, 2022; 16 (2): 2598 DOI:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c09335\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(0, 66, 118); border-radius: 0px !important;\">10.1021/acsnano.1c09335</a></li></ol>'),(25,'Chemical synthesis yields potential antibiotic','chemical-synthesis-yields-potential-antibiotic','2022-02-25 07:10:07.538407','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Chemists at MIT have developed a novel way to synthesize himastatin, a natural compound that has shown potential as an antibiotic.</p><p>Using their new synthesis, the researchers were able not only to produce himastatin but also to generate variants of the molecule, some of which also showed antimicrobial activity. They also discovered that the compound appears to kill bacteria by disrupting their cell membranes. The researchers now hope to design other molecules that could have even stronger antibiotic activity.</p><p>\"What we want to do right now is learn the molecular details about how it works, so we can design structural motifs that could better support that mechanism of action. A lot of our effort right now is to learn more about the physicochemical properties of this molecule and how it interacts with the membrane,\" says Mohammad Movassaghi, an MIT professor of chemistry and one of the senior authors of the study.</p><p>Brad Pentelute, an MIT professor of chemistry, is also a senior author of the study, which appears today in <em>Science</em>. MIT graduate student Kyan D\'Angelo is the lead author of the study, and graduate student Carly Schissel is also an author.</p><p><strong>Mimicking nature</strong></p><p>Himastatin, which is produced by a species of soil bacteria, was first discovered in the 1990s. In animal studies, it was found to have anticancer activity, but the required doses had toxic side effects. The compound also showed potential antimicrobial activity, but that potential hasn\'t been explored in detail, Movassaghi says.</p><p>Himastatin is a complex molecule that consists of two identical subunits, known as monomers, that join together to form a dimer. The two subunits are hooked together by a bond that connect a six-carbon ring in one of the monomers to the identical ring in the other monomer.</p><p>This carbon-carbon bond is critical for the molecule\'s antimicrobial activity. In previous efforts to synthesize himastatin, researchers have tried to make that bond first, using two simple subunits, and then added more complex chemical groups onto the monomers.</p><p>The MIT team took a different approach, inspired by the way this reaction is performed in bacteria that produce himastatin. Those bacteria have an enzyme that can join the two monomers as the very last step of the synthesis, by turning each of the carbon atoms that need to be joined together into highly reactive radicals.</p><p>To mimic that process, the researchers first built complex monomers from amino acid building blocks, helped by a rapid peptide synthesis technology previously developed by Pentelute\'s lab.</p><p>\"By using solid-phase peptide synthesis, we could fast-forward through many synthetic steps and mix-and-match building blocks easily,\" D\'Angelo says. \"That\'s just one of the ways that our collaboration with the Pentelute Lab was very helpful.\"</p><p>The researchers then used a new dimerization strategy developed in the Movassaghi lab to connect two complex molecules together. This new dimerization is based on the oxidation of aniline to form carbon radicals in each molecule. These radicals can react to form the carbon-carbon bond that hooks the two monomers together. Using this approach, the researchers can create dimers that contain different types of subunits, in addition to naturally occurring himastatin dimers.</p><p>\"The reason we got excited about this type of dimerization is because it allows you to really diversify the structure and access other potential derivatives very quickly,\" Movassaghi says.</p><p><strong>Membrane disruption</strong></p><p>One of the variants that the researchers created has a fluorescent tag, which they used to visualize how himastatin interacts with bacterial cells. Using these fluorescent probes, the researchers found that the drug accumulates in the bacterial cell membranes. This led them to hypothesize that it works by disrupting the cell membrane, which is also a mechanism used by at least one FDA-approved antibiotic, daptomycin.</p><p>The researchers also designed several other himastatin variants by swapping in different atoms in specific parts of the molecule, and tested their antimicrobial activity against six bacterial strains. They found that some of these compounds had strong activity, but only if they included one naturally occurring monomer along with one that was different.</p><p>\"By bringing two complete halves of the molecule together, we could make a himastatin derivative with only a single fluorescent label. Only with this version could we do microscopy studies that offered evidence of himastatin\'s localization within bacterial membranes, because symmetric versions with two labels did not have the right activity,\" D\'Angelo says.</p><p>The researchers now plan to design more variants that they hope might have more potent antibiotic activity.</p><p>\"We\'ve already identified positions that we can derivatize that could potentially either retain or enhance the activity. What\'s really exciting to us is that a significant number of the derivatives that we accessed through this design process retain their antimicrobial activity,\" Movassaghi says.</p><p>The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and a National Science Foundation graduate research fellowship.</p><p><strong>Story Source:</strong></p>','2022-02-25 12:32:08.362252','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Massachusetts Institute of Technology','Chemists developed a new way to synthesize himastatin, a natural compound that has shown potential as an antibiotic. A new strategy for producing a natural compound could also be used to generate variants with even stronger antimicrobial activity.',1,28,'<li>Kyan A. D’Angelo, Carly K. Schissel, Bradley L. Pentelute, Mohammad Movassaghi. <strong>Total synthesis of himastatin</strong>. <em>Science</em>, 2022; 375 (6583): 894 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm6509\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1126/science.abm6509</a>\r\n</li>'),(26,'Stem cell signaling: Molecular morse code in stem cells encrypting differentiation information','stem-cell-signaling-molecular-morse-code-in-stem-cells-encrypting-differentiation-information','2022-02-25 07:10:53.797430','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Divide, differentiate or die? Making decisions at the right time and place is what defines a cell\'s behavior and is particularly critical for stem cells of an developing organisms. Decision making relies on how information is processed by networks of signaling proteins. The teams around Christian Schröter from the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology in Dortmund and Luis Morelli from the Instituto de Investigacion en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBa) have now revealed for the first time, that ERK, a key player in stem cell signaling processes information through fast activity pulses. The duration of the pulsing interval, might encode information essential for divergent fate decision in stem cell cultures.</p><p>During their development into the later embryo, stem cells go through a series of developmental steps. The transition between those steps is controlled by signaling molecules that are exchanged between neighboring cells. One of the most critical signals during early mammalian embryogenesis is the fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4). When it is recognized by a cell, this information is processed by a network of signaling proteins, resulting in a cellular response. The key players of the network, their role and interactions are by now well known, however only little is known about the signaling dynamics. But what does dynamics actually mean, and why are dynamics important?</p><p><strong>Dynamics determine cell fate</strong></p><p>In the posterchild example for the importance of dynamics in signal transduction, two different molecular signals trigger different cellular responses -- differentiation and cell growth -- even though they use the same signal transduction network. This is possible because the dynamics with which the signal transduction system is activated are specific for each of the two molecular signals: Whereas one activates the system for a short time leading to cell growth, the other activates the same system for a long time resulting in differentiation. Thus, signaling dynamics are clearly important to determine a cell\'s fate. However, many studies so far could only look at fairly slow dynamics that unfolded over hours and that were the same in all cells; they were blind to fast dynamics, especially if these were different between stem cells in the same dish.</p><p><strong>ERK activity pulses every six to seven minutes</strong></p><p>The teams around Christian Schröter and Luis Morelli were now able to gain a better understanding of the fast signaling dynamics in stem cells. By introducing a fluorescent sensor in living stem cells, the scientists could measure the activity of the major signaling protein ERK in real-time. ERK activity is important for translating molecular signals into a genetic response and thus for regulating stem cell differentiation. \"Measuring ERK activity in single stem cells at short timescale is experimentally very demanding and was never done in such a way before. For the first time, we could observe, that ERK activity pulses every six to seven minutes, faster than similar signals previously shown in other cell systems. In single cells, the pulses occurred often very regularly one after the other, but pulsing patterns were strikingly different between individual cells,\" Christian Schröter says. The researchers could also observe, that with increasing FGF4 signal, the number of pulses increases when summing up over many cells, even though the durations of single pulses did not change with FGF4.</p><p><strong>Interdisciplinary approach -- Intercontinental collaboration</strong></p><p>\"This kind of data and its role on cell signaling is very hard to interpret. And that is the point, where our expertise kicked in,\" Luis Morelli says, longstanding collaboration partner and group leader at the IbioBa, a partner Institute of the Max Planck Society. \"We had to develop a new theoretical approach to describe the dynamics in time series. By doing this, we saw that the duration of the pulsing interval might encode information, since we could find pulses and silence. We call this new dynamic feature intermittent oscillations .\"</p><p>\"Oscillations are a more and more recognized feature of signaling processes. We hypothesize that the intermittent oscillations we found in stem cells work like a kind of morse code that encodes differentiation information. Presumably, it is the switch from pulsing to silence that plays a decisive role. The question is now, what do the dynamics tell us about the organization of signaling in stem cells? How are cells able to read the oscillations, and how do they affect the cell\'s behavior? I am convinced that close collaboration between experimentalists and theorists is required to unravel the origins and functions of this new dimension in stem cell biology one day,\" Christian Schröter says.</p>','2022-02-25 12:37:40.311628','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology','Divide, differentiate or die? Making decisions at the right time and place is what defines a cell\'s behavior and is particularly critical for stem cells of an developing organisms. Decision making relies on how information is processed by networks of signaling proteins. Scientists have now revealed that ERK, a key player in stem cell signaling, processes information through fast activity pulses. The duration of the pulsing interval, might encode information essential for divergent fate decision in stem cell cultures.',1,29,'<li>Dhruv Raina, Fiorella Fabris, Luis G. Morelli, Christian Schröter. <strong>Intermittent ERK oscillations downstream of FGF in mouse embryonic stem cells</strong>. <em>Development</em>, 2022; 149 (4) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.199710\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1242/dev.199710</a>\r\n</li>'),(27,'Direct \'uphill\' isomerization of numerous olefin classes','direct-uphill-isomerization-of-numerous-olefin-classes','2022-02-25 07:23:13.451127','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Chemists have long sought methods to convert more stable internal olefins into less stable terminal olefins. Isomerization reactions that proceed against a thermodynamic bias, as this one would, are generally challenging for conventional thermal catalysis.</p><p>With an innovative use of photocatalysis and chromium co-catalysis to provide an energy offset, however, the Princeton University Department of Chemistry reports a general method to generate less-stable olefins from internal olefins catalytically.</p><p>Researchers in the Knowles Lab used excited-state electron transfer events to \"pump\" olefin molecules up and then have them fall back down through a series of favorable steps to ultimately transform into a less stable isomeric form. This essentially allows internal olefins, or alkenes, to migrate along the carbon chain to the terminal position -- a kind of musical chairs that shunts the double bond to a position of less overall stability.</p><p>The research marks an exciting development because terminal olefins are useful starting points in a wide range of chemical processes and as building blocks in industrial products. This research gives scientists a new tool to generate more of them.</p><p>The lab\'s paper on the research, Contra-Thermodynamic Positional Isomerization of Olefins, was recently published in the <em>Journal of the American Chemical Society</em> (JACS).</p><p>The realization of contra-thermodynamic alkene isomerization has been a long-standing challenge for catalysis. By combing through and then combining some of the precedents he found in literature, Kuo Zhao, a fifth-year graduate student in the lab, was able to come up with a light-driven method for the direct \'uphill\' isomerization of numerous olefin classes.</p><p>In the paper, Zhao describes how stepwise proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) activation of a more thermodynamically stable olefin substrate is mediated by an excited-state oxidant and a Brønsted base to give an allylic radical. That radical, in turn, is captured by a chromium (II) co-catalyst to generate an allylchromium(III) intermediate, which eventually undergoes regioselective protodemetalation to deliver a less-stable terminal alkene.</p><p>\"This work is another example from our lab of using photochemistry to accomplish an uphill process. Traditionally, this is impossible, by definition, using conventional ground state catalysis. But with photochemistry, this can be achieved catalytically,\" said Zhao. \"When I looked back into it, I found from the literature that there\'s a way to solve this problem by introducing chromium catalysis.</p><p>\"Basically, you generate an allyl chromium intermediate and do an <em>in situ</em> protodemetalation to get the terminal olefin, which is the olefin you want in this transformation.</p><p>\"As to how to use it, we\'ll leave that to future chemists,\" Zhao added. \"But we\'re showing in this research that this previously impossible transformation is now possible.\"</p><p>Zhao said he worked on the problem for about a year, dipping into literature and then trying a series of transition metal catalysts to drive the transformation, which resulted in a low yield of the desired olefin and sent him back to the drawing board. Other graduate students within the Knowles lab had been working on this problem over the years utilizing only photoredox catalysis.</p><p>\"The Knowles lab had been looking to solve this problem for a number of years, but with little success,\" said Professor of Chemistry Robert Knowles. \"By merging chromium catalysis and photoredox catalysis, Zhao was able to solve this challenging problem.\"</p>','2022-02-25 12:51:45.050936','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Princeton  University','Researchers have used excited-state electron transfer events to \'pump\' olefin molecules up and then have them fall back down through a series of favorable steps to ultimately transform into a less stable isomeric form. This essentially allows internal olefins, or alkenes, to migrate along the carbon chain to the terminal position -- a kind of musical chairs that shunts the double bond to a position of less overall stability.',1,30,'<li>Kuo Zhao, Robert R. Knowles. <strong>Contra-Thermodynamic Positional Isomerization of Olefins</strong>. <em>Journal of the American Chemical Society</em>, 2021; 144 (1): 137 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c11681\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021/jacs.1c11681</a>\r\n</li>'),(28,'Antibacterial bioactive glass doubles down on microbial resistance to antibiotics','antibacterial-bioactive-glass-doubles-down-on-microbial-resistance-to-antibiotics','2022-02-25 07:25:35.541138','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Infections linked to medical devices such as catheters, dental implants, orthopaedics and wound dressings could be dramatically reduced using a simple technique, according to new research.</p><p>Scientists at Aston University have found a way to significantly increase the antimicrobial properties of a material used in many medical devices and clinical surfaces: bioactive glass.</p><p>The Aston University team had already developed bacteria-killing bioactive glass laced with a single metal oxide of either zinc, cobalt or copper. Their latest research combined pairs of metal oxides in the material -- and found that some combinations were more than 100 times better at killing bacteria than using single oxides alone.</p><p>Bioactive glass is made from high-purity chemicals designed to induce specific biological activity, but the type currently in clinical use -- often as a bone filler -- does not contain antimicrobial substances. The Aston University research showed that combinations of metal oxides can improve the antimicrobial properties of bioactive glass and the researchers believe this approach could be applied to other materials for clinical use.</p><p>Many bacteria that cause infections -- such as <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> -- are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics, so new ways to prevent infections are urgently needed.</p><p>Professor Richard Martin, who led the research at Aston University\'s Engineering for Health Research Group, said: \"Antibiotic drugs have been used in combination since the 1950s, as two antimicrobials can broaden the spectrum of coverage by aiming for different bacterial targets at the same time. Our research is the first to show that this combination approach can work with materials as well.\"</p><p>Professor Martin and his colleagues Drs Tony Worthington and Farah Raja created bioactive glass laced with small amounts of cobalt, copper or zinc, and combinations of two of the three oxides. They then ground these into a powder which they sterilised, before adding it to colonies of <em>E. coli</em>, <em>S. aureus</em> and a fungus, <em>Candida abicans</em>. They compared the effects of the standard glass and glass with either solo metal oxides or the combinations, measuring bacterial and fungal kill rates over 24 hours.</p><p>All of the metal oxide-laced glass -- both single and combined -- performed better than the glass alone. Copper, combined with either cobalt or zinc, had the strongest effect on the bacteria, followed by a combination of cobalt and zinc. Both copper combinations were over one hundred times better than single oxides at killing <em>E. coli</em>, while copper and zinc was similarly effective against <em>S. aureus</em>. The cobalt and zinc combination had the strongest effect on the fungus.</p><p>Professor Martin said: \"It was exciting to run our experiments and find something that is significantly better at stopping infection in its tracks and could potentially reduce the number of antibiotic treatments that are prescribed. We believe combining antimicrobial metal oxides has significant potential for numerous applications including implant materials, hospital surfaces and wound healing dressings.\"</p><p>Dr Worthington added: \"We have shown that co-doping surfaces with these combined antimicrobial metals, including copper, zinc and cobalt, could reduce bacterial adhesion and colonisation to surfaces or devices used in clinical practice. The use of antimicrobial metals is potentially the way forward, given discovery of new antibiotics is currently limited. We would urge manufacturers to investigate whether our new approach could be used for their biomedical materials.\"</p>','2022-02-25 12:54:47.856696','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Aston University','Infections linked to medical devices such as catheters, dental implants, orthopaedics and wound dressings could be dramatically reduced using a simple technique, according to new research.',1,31,'<li>Farah N. S. Raja, Tony Worthington, Lucas P. L. de Souza, Shirin B. Hanaei, Richard A. Martin. <strong>Synergistic Antimicrobial Metal Oxide-Doped Phosphate Glasses; a Potential Strategy to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance and Host Cell Toxicity</strong>. <em>ACS Biomaterials Science &amp; Engineering</em>, 2022; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00876\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00876</a>\r\n</li>'),(29,'Patient-centered approach to treating obesity','patient-centered-approach-to-treating-obesity','2022-02-25 08:12:09.404050','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">It\'s one of the most polarizing questions among clinicians: Is treating obesity while also reducing weight stigma and eating disorder risk mutually exclusive?</p><p>In a recent commentary published online ahead of print in the <em>Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics</em>, a team of researchers takes aim at what they say is an outdated approach many health care providers still have when it comes to treating patients with overweight or obesity.</p><p>In short, health professionals on both sides of the debate should strive to improve access to compassionate, evidence-based and patient-centered care in order to fight weight stigma and end diet culture, the researchers argue, adding that the emphasis should be on health, not weight.</p><p>\"It is absolutely critical to unlink weight from diet culture,\" said co-author Katherine N. Balantekin, PhD, RD, an assistant professor in the Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences in the University at Buffalo School of Public Health and Health Professions.</p><p>\"In my opinion, this is the biggest disconnect we are currently seeing in society,\" added Balantekin, who studies eating behavior in children with obesity and disordered eating. \"Working together to eliminate the false dichotomy between eating and weight disorders will help ensure that everyone receives the compassionate care that they deserve. Moreover, we need to continue to work on eliminating other barriers to treatment, including weight bias and stigma.\"</p><p>Weight stigma -- the devaluation of a person based on their weight -- is rampant, the researchers note, citing previous research findings that more than half of health care providers attribute a patient\'s being overweight or obese to a lack of willpower. This kind of fat-shaming only reinforces negative stereotypes, they say.</p><p>The debate extends far beyond health care settings. For example, when Weight Watchers released Kurbo, a weight loss app for children and adolescents in 2019, there was major backlash among eating disorder experts, dietitians and former dieters who criticized the app for placing an emphasis on dieting. For many people, dieting has negatively impacted the relationship they have with food and their body.</p><p>With Kurbo, \"there was a lot of concern that any focus on weight would cause eating disorders,\" Balantekin said. \"People think of dieting as being the same thing as obesity treatment, when in fact they are extremely different.\"</p><p>The paper notes that a new definition of obesity, backed by Canadian guidelines and the World Health Organization, has emerged. Gone is the emphasis on a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or above. Instead, obesity is now defined as having excess fatty tissue that is associated with negative impacts on quality of life or physical health.</p><p>\"This new definition takes a health-focused rather than a weight-focused approach, allowing for improved sensitivity to the nuance of the relationship between weight and health status,\" the researchers write.</p><p>It also allows for a shift toward supervised evidence-based obesity treatment, which favors sustainable changes to promote long-term health. This is instead of focusing on dieting or self-directed efforts to lose weight by restricting the amount or types of food consumed. Whereas self-directed diets often promote unhealthy eating practices such as fasting or strict food restriction, supervised evidence-based obesity treatment actually improves health without increasing internalized weight stigma, the researchers write.</p><p>The paper\'s key conclusion is that \"treating obesity and reducing weight stigma and eating disorder psychopathology are not mutually exclusive.\"</p><p>\"There has been concern for a long time that weight loss can trigger or worsen eating disorders, but a large body of research suggests that evidence-based obesity treatment actually improves, not worsens, eating disorder symptoms,\" Balantekin said. \"This is true for both children and adults.\"</p><p>The researchers also call for broad policies such as laws against weight-based discrimination, as well as efforts to further educate health care providers and the general public about the fact that numerous factors beyond self-control affect weight.</p><p>Obesity treatments should also screen for and address eating disorders throughout treatment so that individuals can receive specialized care as soon as possible, Balantekin said.</p><p>\"It is critical to take a patient-centered approach to treatment with a focus on all health needs, which contrasts with the typical provider-centered approach with a focus on weight,\" Balantekin added. \"This means that health care providers need to respect a patient\'s wishes, including whether or not they want to discuss weight. It also needs to include a conversation where providers clearly lay out reasonable expectations for treatment, including how habits will need to be sustained long-term to see maintenance of weight loss.\"</p><p>The paper\'s authors include researchers from the University of Florida, University of Toledo, Brown University, Washington University in St. Louis, and Florida State University, and Obthera, Inc.</p>','2022-02-25 13:40:09.332214','uploads/news/shutterstock_357740381.jpg',1,'University at Buffalo','In short, health professionals on both sides of the debate should strive to improve access to compassionate, evidence-based and patient-centered care in order to fight weight stigma and end diet culture, the researchers argue, adding that the emphasis should be on health, not weight.',1,32,'<li>Michelle I. Cardel, Faith A. Newsome, Rebecca L. Pearl, Kathryn M. Ross, Jackson R. Dillard, Darci R. Miller, Jacqueline F. Hayes, Denise Wilfley, Pamela K. Keel, Emily J. Dhurandhar, Katherine N. Balantekin. <strong>Patient-Centered Care for Obesity: How Health Care Providers Can Treat Obesity While Actively Addressing Weight Stigma and Eating Disorder Risk</strong>. <em>Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics</em>, 2022; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2022.01.004\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016/j.jand.2022.01.004</a>\r\n</li>'),(30,'Ridgecrest shows how earthquakes damage Earth’s crust','ridgecrest-shows-how-earthquakes-damage-earths-crust','2022-02-25 08:14:04.843822','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">In July 2019, a series of earthquakes including two major shocks of magnitude 6.4 and 7.1 a day apart struck near Ridgecrest, CA, between Los Angeles and Las Vegas. For local residents, it was a violent interruption to the Fourth of July holiday. For seismologists, it was a rare opportunity to study how earthquakes damage the Earth\'s crust.</p><p>The earthquake zone -- which belongs to a network of faults called the Eastern California Shear Zone -- is sparsely populated and arid, without much in the way of vegetation or buildings to obscure the surface. But it is also well-covered by satellite and remote imagery and accessible to geologists who could be on the scene well before evidence of crust damage disappeared.</p><p>UC Davis doctoral student Alba Rodríguez Padilla was among the scientists studying the site, along with Professor Mike Oskin, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Christopher Milliner, California Institute of Technology and Andreas Plesch of Harvard University. They mapped the surface rupture from LIDAR data and aerial imagery collected by prior studies, and compared the rupture maps to other datasets to explore the distribution of rock damage from the earthquakes. Their findings are published Feb. 24 in <em>Nature Geoscience.</em></p><p>\"We not only have aridity helping here, improvements in imaging technique and resolution, together with collecting a large spatial data footprint, are what make the Ridgecrest coverage cutting edge,\" Rodríguez Padilla said.</p><p><strong>Inelastic deformation</strong></p><p>The rock surrounding the fault suffered from \"inelastic deformation,\" meaning it was deformed and broken rather than returning to its original configuration. The deformation was highest within 100 meters of the fault, with widespread, low-intensity damage up to 20 kilometers (16 miles) away.</p><p>This deformation leaves the rock around the fault less rigid than before, softening the crust. This softening dissipates energy from future earthquakes, increases permeability and focuses deformation.</p><p>The study provides a better understanding of how damage from earthquakes accumulates and might affect future events, Rodríguez Padilla said.</p><p>The study was funded by the Southern California Earthquake Center, which is supported by NSF and the U.S. Geological Survey. Rodríguez Padilla was partly supported by a NASA fellowship.</p>','2022-02-25 13:42:31.723211','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'University of California - Davis','In July 2019, a series of earthquakes including two major shocks of magnitude 6.4 and 7.1 a day apart struck near Ridgecrest, CA, between Los Angeles and Las Vegas. For local residents, it was a violent interruption to the Fourth of July holiday. For seismologists, it was a rare opportunity to study how earthquakes damage the Earth\'s crust.',1,33,'<li>Alba M. Rodriguez Padilla, Michael E. Oskin, Christopher W. D. Milliner, Andreas Plesch. <strong>Accrual of widespread rock damage from the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes</strong>. <em>Nature Geoscience</em>, 2022; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00888-w\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41561-021-00888-w</a>\r\n</li>'),(31,'Mycorrhizal fungi promote greater tree species diversity','mycorrhizal-fungi-promote-greater-tree-species-diversity','2022-02-25 08:16:06.068629','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Fungi, specifically those that are \"mycorrhizal,\" are natural allies of the forest because they improve tree nutrient acquisition. But which of the mycorrhizal feeding strategies yields the greatest tree diversity in a forest: strategy A (ectomycorrhiza) or strategy B (arbuscular mycorrhiza)?</p><p>Biologists from Université de Montréal and the Plant Biology Research Institute asked the question and found the answer is neither one nor the other, but rather a combination of the two -- proving that there is strength in numbers -- or rather, in diversity.</p><p><strong>The powerful nourishing capacity of mycorrhiza</strong></p><p>\"A mycorrhiza, from the Greek myco-, \'fungus,\' and rhiza, \'root,\' is a type of symbiotic relationship between a plant and a fungus that has existed since the colonization of land by plants, several million years ago,\" explained Alexis Carteron, lead author of the study.</p><p>\"This positive association for both partners is unquestionably the most widespread and important form of \'mutualistic symbiosis\' in terrestrial ecosystems.\"</p><p>Carteron has a Ph.D. in biology from Université de Montréal and is currently working as a post-doctoral researcher in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy at the University of Milan, Italy.</p><p>In botany, mycorrhizal fungi have long been known to provide plants with significant nutritional benefits by extending their root systems up to 10 times the initial root surface and enabling them to better absorb water and minerals from the soil. For instance, mycorrhizal fungi are able to dissolve phosphorus in the soil, making it available to plants. In return, the plant provides the fungi with sugar produced through photosynthesis.</p><p>\"For some time now, there has been growing interest in the important role of mycorrhizal fungi in plant biodiversity,\" said the supervisor of the study, Etienne Laliberté, Canada Research Chair in Plant Functional Biodiversity at Université de Montréal.</p><p><strong>Two strategies for fungi</strong></p><p>The two main types of mycorrhizas, ectomycorrhizas and arbuscular mycorrhizas, seem to influence the diversity of tree species in forests in different ways.</p><p>Ectomycorrhiza affects about 2 per cent of plant species, mostly conifers in Northern Hemisphere forests. Arbuscular mycorrhiza, the oldest and most widespread form of symbiotic association between fungi and plants, affects 80 per cent of terrestrial plants. The two differ in the way the fungus attaches to the plant\'s roots.</p><p>Scientists have observed that forests with soils colonized by arbuscular mycorrhiza are more diverse. Species-rich tropical rainforests, for instance, are composed mainly of arbuscular mycorrhizal trees, while species-poor boreal forests are dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees.</p><p>For this reason, researchers believed that arbuscular mycorrhiza promotes coexistence and diversity of plant species, while ectomycorrhiza promotes the dominance of one or only a few species.</p><p>Experimental studies of saplings and large-scale observations in different terrestrial biomes (geographical areas that share a similar climate, fauna and flora) also appeared to support this hypothesis. It is challenged, however, by the new study.</p><p><strong>More than 80,000 forest plots analyzed</strong></p><p>Forest trees interact with each other and with mycorrhizal fungi at a very localized level (within a few meters) over periods of several decades. Carteron and Laliberté therefore had to test the hypothesis on forest plots (i.e. an area of a few hundred square metres) in a multitude of forests to determine whether the results could be generalized.</p><p>\"We analyzed about 82,000 forest plots across the United States and concluded that plots that were very strongly dominated by either ectomycorrhiza or arbuscular mycorrhiza had lower tree diversity,\" explained Carteron. \"Surprisingly, it was the forests with a mix of both mycorrhizal strategies that had a greater number of tree species. So our results indicate that dominance of any one mycorrhiza, regardless of its type, appears to decrease forest tree diversity.\"</p><p><strong>Can mycorrhizas help fight climate change?</strong></p><p>While mycorrhizal dominance can be determined at several scales, such as the root system, forest plot and biome, this study underscores the importance of considering the impact of mycorrhiza on ecological processes at the forest plot level. At this scale, the study shows, the coexistence of mycorrhizal strategies can promote plant diversity.</p><p>\"Sometimes forests with a mixture of mycorrhizal strategies are overlooked by biologists because they\'re considered less abundant,\" the researchers noted. \"However, our study has shown that this is not always the case and these mixed types could, in fact, make up a large part of the world\'s forests.\"</p><p>Such forests may represent a crucial avenue for forest research and management targeting greater ecosystem services: \"Combating and adapting to climate change is a good example of the services an ecosystem can provide, because a thriving forest with high tree diversity constitutes a reservoir favourable to climate balance,\" Carteron pointed out.</p><p>The study was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Fonds de recherche du Québec -- Nature et technologies, and the Bourse d\'excellence Hydro-Québec -- Université de Montréal.</p>','2022-02-25 13:44:46.546300','uploads/news/download_9.jfif',1,'University of Montreal','Researchers have found that mycorrhizas promote greater tree species diversity in North American forests.',1,34,'<li>Alexis Carteron, Mark Vellend, Etienne Lalibert&amp;#2013265929;. <strong>Mycorrhizal dominance reduces local tree species diversity across US forests</strong>. <em>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</em>, 2022; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01634-6\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41559-021-01634-6</a>\r\n</li>'),(32,'How the immune system responds to tissue damage can aid cancer spread','how-the-immune-system-responds-to-tissue-damage-can-aid-cancer-spread','2022-02-25 10:38:52.055031','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute have uncovered how a process involved in the regeneration of tissue damaged by radiation can aid the spread of cancer.</p><p>The spread of cancer around the body is a complex process and understanding more about how it happens is vital to the development of new treatments.</p><p>In their study, published in <em>Nature Cancer</em> today (Thursday), the scientists investigated the relationship between healthy tissue repair and cancer growth.</p><p>They exposed healthy mouse lungs, a site where it is common for many cancers to spread, to a high dose of radiation in order to damage the tissue. They then tested the potential of breast cancer cells to grow in the damaged area in comparison to the uninjured lungs. More cancer cells spread to the lungs and began forming secondary tumours in mice that had been injured by radiation compared to the mice who had not.</p><p>Further experiments revealed that this is due to the signalling of neutrophils, a type of immune cell, which help repair tissue damage. When the researchers blocked signalling from the neutrophils in the injured lungs, secondary tumours were greatly reduced.</p><p>Emma Nolan, first author and postdoc in the Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory at the Crick, says: \"This is a situation where tissue damage sets the stage for the spread of cancer and, in trying to repair the damaged tissue, the immune system inadvertently aids the cancer. This role of neutrophils in supporting cancer spread is something which needs further research and could potentially help to identify new ways to treat the disease.\"</p><p>Ilaria Malanchi, author and group leader of the Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory at the Crick, says: \"The relationship between cancer cells, the immune system and the organ where cancer takes hold is highly complex. And it\'s by untangling aspects of this web that we can better understand why cancer is able to spread, what predisposes organ to the arrival of cancer cells and ultimately how we can try to stop this.\"</p><p>It is important to note that the radiation that was given to the mice in this study was a higher dose than is used for radiotherapy treatment in hospital and targeted a significantly larger proportion of the tissue. Thanks to advancing technology, the exposure to radiation is now restricted to cancerous tissue and indeed radiotherapy represents a powerful weapon to control cancer disease.</p><p>Ilaria adds: \"Unrevealing the new responses of neutrophils to radiation we described here, could further enhance the efficacy of this highly-regarded treatment for cancer.\"</p>','2022-02-25 16:06:17.620938','uploads/news/3986-breast-cancer.jpg',1,'The Francis Crick Institute','Researchers have uncovered how a process involved in the regeneration of tissue damaged by radiation can aid the spread of cancer.',1,35,'<li>Nolan, E. et al. <strong>Radiation exposure elicits a neutrophil-driven response in healthy lung tissue that enhances metastatic colonization</strong>. <em>Nature Cancer</em>, 2022 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43018-022-00336-7\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s43018-022-00336-7</a>\r\n</li>'),(33,'Interaction with lung cells transforms asbestos particles','interaction-with-lung-cells-transforms-asbestos-particles','2022-02-25 10:42:11.767842','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">A common building material, asbestos is the term used to describe a range of naturally growing minerals. Serious diseases, including mesothelioma and lung cancer, can arise decades after coming into contact with asbestos.</p><p>Biomedical researchers have spent many years trying to understand how asbestos causes disease, though multiple pieces of the puzzle remain unknown. Taking a completely different approach, an international team led by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, looked instead at how the interactions change the mineral itself.</p><p>\"Many studies have looked at the toxicity of asbestos, and we wanted to approach this issue from the opposite side, not investigating the effects on the cells, but rather exploring what happens to the mineral once inside the cell,\" says Reto Gieré, a professor in Penn\'s Department of Earth and Environmental Science in the School of Arts &amp; Sciences, and senior author on the work, published in <em>Scientific Reports</em><em>. </em></p><p>\"We used cutting-edge experimental techniques, going down to the nanoscale and even the atomic scale to see the transformation of the minerals,\" says first author Ruggero Vigliaturo, now a tenure-track assistant professor at Italy\'s University of Turin who completed the research during a postdoctoral fellowship at Penn. \"What we saw is that the minerals are undergoing changes that almost look like they\'re defending themselves from the cells.\"</p><p>The research grew out of a larger set of experiments on asbestos undertaken through Penn\'s Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology. Though a common term, the word \"asbestos\" is not a scientific one, but rather is used in industry to refer to a wide range of minerals with varying structures and chemical compositions. In the current work, Vigliaturo, Gieré, and colleagues focused on amphibole asbestos, which is hypothesized to be more hazardous than other varieties.</p><p>While much research into asbestos toxicity has focused on how the body\'s tissues respond to the mineral, here the researchers wanted to observe how the mineral responded to being taken up by human lung cells. Collaborating with researchers at the National Institute of Chemistry in Slovenia, Vigliaturo and Gieré made use of imaging technology with an extremely high-spatial resolution to characterize the minerals after two days spent <em>inside</em> human lung cells. In contrast, most asbestos research has so far focused on impacts on the body when long asbestos fibers remain in areas of tissue outside of cells.</p><p>With specialized transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques, the researchers documented never-before-seen changes in the amphibole minerals, many of which were taken up by compartments in the cell called lysosomes, which typically are involved in processing cellular waste and programmed cell death.</p><p>\"In these lysosomes, which are more acidic than the rest of the cell, we observed that the surface of the mineral starts dissolving,\" says Gieré.</p><p>An immediate question about these relatively iron-rich minerals quickly arose: \"What was the fate of the iron?\" he says.</p><p>A refined type of TEM analysis allowed the researchers to see that the oxidation state of iron was changing during this dissolution, alterations that could influence the way the mineral reacted with other cellular components, such as organelles and cell nuclei.</p><p>The mineral surfaces also underwent striking changes, which included the formation of an iron-rich, amorphous layer after being internalized by the cells. To the scientists, the layer was reminiscent of asbestos bodies, but with marked structural and chemical differences. Asbestos bodies are formed by macrophages in the lung tissue rather than inside the cells, and are associated with extended exposure to asbestos.</p><p>\"When you examine samples of lung tissue extracted from patients that succumbed to asbestos-related diseases, you\'ll find asbestos fibers surrounded by a brownish coating. These are asbestos bodies,\" Gieré says. \"The coating is biogenically formed, and the iron is delivered primarily from the body through a protein called ferritin.\"</p><p>In their experiments, with the asbestos inside the cells rather than in the intercellular space, the researchers did not observe asbestos bodies, but rather an iron layer on the minerals that was derived from the mineral itself. And unlike asbestos bodies, these coatings did not contain phosphorous.</p><p>\"Why this happens, we don\'t know,\" Gieré says. \"It may be the cell is attempting to protect itself by triggering this change in the mineral but it\'s too early to say.\"</p><p>In addition, Vigliaturo notes that the more iron-rich amphiboles unexpectedly showed less pronounced dissolution and a less extensive amorphous layer than the varieties that contained less iron. \"This was the opposite of what we anticipated and what was reported in abiotic experiments,\" he says.</p><p>The mineralogic changes, the researchers say, could impact how the body responds and deals with the asbestos fibers -- a process that may have links to how disease arises decades later. They caution, however, that their experiments were carried out over a short time frame, just two days, and conducted in vitro with cell lines rather than within the human body. More work is necessary, they say, to understand whether what they observe is reflected in living people exposed to asbestos.</p><p>Gieré, Vigliaturo, and their colleagues continue to explore the interaction of lung cells and asbestos, but with a focus on the biochemical changes in the cells themselves. They\'re also experimenting with different types of asbestos to better understand how their similarities and differences may relate to disease burden.</p><p>They hope that their findings will help other researchers interpret the toxic and carcinogenic effects of asbestos. And for Vigliaturo, who was born in Casale Monferrato, Italy, a city of 40,000 people with more than 3,000 deaths attributed to asbestos toxicity from a local factory, the desire to learn more about asbestos-related disease is personal.</p><p>\"We took nanoscience, biology, and nanomaterials technology and brought it to mineralogy,\" he says. \"We\'re using our specialized backgrounds to contribute to solving this part of the puzzle.\"</p><p>Reto Gieré is a professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Science in the School of Arts &amp; Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania.</p><p>Ruggero Vigliaturo was a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Earth and Environmental Science in the School of Arts &amp; Sciences at Penn and is now a tenure-track assistant professor at the University of Turin.</p><p>Vigliaturo and Gieré\'s coauthors on the work were Maja Jamnik, Goran Dražić, Marjetka Podobnik, and Simon Caserman of the National Institute of Chemistry of Ljubljana, Slovenia; Magda Tušek Žnidarič of the National Institute of Biology of Ljubljana, Slovenia; Giancarlo Della Ventura of the Roma Tre University; Günther J. Redhammer of University of Salzburg; and Nada Žnidaršič of University of Ljubljana.</p><p>The work was supported by Rotary Global, the Slovenian Research Agency, and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (grants ES013508 and ES023720).</p>','2022-02-25 16:10:15.552322','uploads/news/COPD_lung.png',1,'University of Pennsylvania','Asbestos fibers can cause lung cancer and other diseases, often multiple decades following exposure. Many researchers have sought to elucidate disease mechanisms, but a new study took the opposite approach, using a high-tech microscope to look at how the mineral changed upon interaction with lung cells. Their findings suggest that the mineralogical transformations inside the cells may play a role in triggering disease.',1,26,'<li>Ruggero Vigliaturo, Maja Jamnik, Goran Dražić, Marjetka Podobnik, Magda Tušek Žnidarič, Giancarlo Della Ventura, Günther J. Redhammer, Nada Žnidaršič, Simon Caserman, Reto Gieré. <strong>Nanoscale transformations of amphiboles within human alveolar epithelial cells</strong>. <em>Scientific Reports</em>, 2022; 12 (1) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05802-x\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41598-022-05802-x</a>\r\n</li>'),(34,'Largest ever human family tree: 27 million ancestors','largest-ever-human-family-tree-27-million-ancestors','2022-02-25 10:45:43.263480','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Researchers from the University of Oxford\'s Big Data Institute have taken a major step towards mapping the entirety of genetic relationships among humans: a single genealogy that traces the ancestry of all of us. The study has been published today in <em>Science.</em></p><p>The past two decades have seen extraordinary advancements in human genetic research, generating genomic data for hundreds of thousands of individuals, including from thousands of prehistoric people. This raises the exciting possibility of tracing the origins of human genetic diversity to produce a complete map of how individuals across the world are related to each other.</p><p>Until now, the main challenges to this vision were working out a way to combine genome sequences from many different databases and developing algorithms to handle data of this size. However, a new method published today by researchers from the University of Oxford\'s Big Data Institute can easily combine data from multiple sources and scale to accommodate millions of genome sequences.</p><p>Dr Yan Wong, an evolutionary geneticist at the Big Data Institute, and one of the principal authors, explained: \"We have basically built a huge family tree, a genealogy for all of humanity that models as exactly as we can the history that generated all the genetic variation we find in humans today. This genealogy allows us to see how every person\'s genetic sequence relates to every other, along all the points of the genome.\"</p><p>Since individual genomic regions are only inherited from one parent, either the mother or the father, the ancestry of each point on the genome can be thought of as a tree. The set of trees, known as a \"tree sequence\" or \"ancestral recombination graph,\" links genetic regions back through time to ancestors where the genetic variation first appeared.</p><p>Lead author Dr Anthony Wilder Wohns, who undertook the research as part of his PhD at the Big Data Institute and is now a postdoctoral researcher at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, said: \"Essentially, we are reconstructing the genomes of our ancestors and using them to form a vast network of relationships. We can then estimate when and where these ancestors lived. The power of our approach is that it makes very few assumptions about the underlying data and can also include both modern and ancient DNA samples.\"</p><p>The study integrated data on modern and ancient human genomes from eight different databases and included a total of 3,609 individual genome sequences from 215 populations. The ancient genomes included samples found across the world with ages ranging from 1,000s to over 100,000 years. The algorithms predicted where common ancestors must be present in the evolutionary trees to explain the patterns of genetic variation. The resulting network contained almost 27 million ancestors.</p><p>After adding location data on these sample genomes, the authors used the network to estimate where the predicted common ancestors had lived. The results successfully recaptured key events in human evolutionary history, including the migration out of Africa.</p><p>Although the genealogical map is already an extremely rich resource, the research team plans to make it even more comprehensive by continuing to incorporate genetic data as it becomes available. Because tree sequences store data in a highly efficient way, the dataset could easily accommodate millions of additional genomes.</p><p>Dr Wong said: \"This study is laying the groundwork for the next generation of DNA sequencing. As the quality of genome sequences from modern and ancient DNA samples improves, the trees will become even more accurate and we will eventually be able to generate a single, unified map that explains the descent of all the human genetic variation we see today.\"</p><p>Dr Wohns added: \"While humans are the focus of this study, the method is valid for most living things; from orangutans to bacteria. It could be particularly beneficial in medical genetics, in separating out true associations between genetic regions and diseases from spurious connections arising from our shared ancestral history.\"</p><p><strong>Story Source:</strong></p>','2022-02-25 16:13:29.189998','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'University of Oxford','Researchers have taken a major step towards mapping the entirety of genetic relationships among humans: a single genealogy that traces the ancestry of all of us.',1,36,'<li>Anthony Wilder Wohns, Yan Wong, Ben Jeffery, Ali Akbari, Swapan Mallick, Ron Pinhasi, Nick Patterson, David Reich, Jerome Kelleher, Gil McVean. <strong>A unified genealogy of modern and ancient genomes</strong>. <em>Science</em>, 2022; 375 (6583) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abi8264\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1126/science.abi8264</a>\r\n</li>'),(35,'A laser-quick and non-destructive method to detect cracks in concrete structures','a-laser-quick-and-non-destructive-method-to-detect-cracks-in-concrete-structures','2022-02-25 10:48:05.018614','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Nothing is truly set in concrete, and this is especially true for structures made of concrete. When structures made of concrete like bridges, buildings, and tunnels are loaded repeatedly over long periods, they develop cracks that may progress and cause structural failure. Regular inspections are therefore needed to detect cracks before they become a cause for concern.</p><p>Conventionally, defects in concrete structures are detected using the acoustic test called the \"hammering method\" performed by certified building inspectors. However, these tests take time to complete and as with most skill-based techniques, the effectiveness of the test is dependent on the expertise of the inspector. Moreover, as the number of aging infrastructures continues to rise, a method of inspection that is fast and reliable is paramount for ensuring the safe operation and long-term use of the structure.</p><p>An alternative inspection method for testing involves generating shock waves near the surface of the concrete structure. The shock waves induce vibrations on the structure which can be analyzed to detect defects. However, in such tests, it is necessary to generate shock waves that do not damage the structure. In this regard, laser-induced plasma (LIP) shock wave excitation has shown great promise. The technique has been used to detect defects in a variety of structures, ranging from pipes to fruit surfaces. In this method, the shock waves are generated by colliding laser-generated plasma with air.</p><p>In a new study, researchers from Shibaura Institute of Technology and the National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Japan, tested the effectiveness of this method at detecting cracks in concrete structures. \"We used LIP shock waves as a non-contact, non-destructive impulse excitation. This allows for remote and completely non-destructive detection of defects in concrete structures,\" explains Naoki Hosoya, a Professor at the Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Shibaura Institute of Technology and the corresponding author of the study. Their findings have been published in the <em>International Journal of Mechanical Sciences</em>.</p><p>To evaluate the new method, the researchers exposed a concrete block that had an artificially created defect to a shock wave generated by a high-power pulsed laser. The vibrations were then analyzed at multiple points on the concrete surface inside and outside the defect area. The analysis revealed the presence of Rayleigh waves at the site of the defect. These are surface waves that move at a faster velocity than other shock waves. The researchers were able to successfully determine the defect areas by detecting the points where these Rayleigh waves were reflected. \"Defects in the concrete specimen can be detected and the location of the approximate boundary can be determined using the propagation of Rayleigh waves,\" explains Prof. Hosoya.</p><p>By visualizing Rayleigh waves, defects in a structure can be detected much faster than with other telemetric methods which analyze vibrations, making it a useful method for non- destructive testing of concrete structures. \"The advantage of using Rayleigh waves to detect defects is that fewer measurement points are necessary compared to measuring the natural mode. Additionally, the time required for defect detection can be shortened. Visualizing Rayleigh waves propagation has potential for practical detection of the configurations and defects in concrete,\" elaborates Prof. Hosoya.</p><p>In conclusion, the use of LIP shock waves to assess cracks in concrete structures is a safe and rapid method that can be used to maintain infrastructure and prevent structural failure.</p>','2022-02-25 16:16:25.497074','uploads/news/Low-Res_Image.png.png',1,'Shibaura Institute of Technology','Large concrete structures need to be regularly tested for defects that may compromise their stability. While acoustic tests performed by certified inspectors are usually the inspection method of choice, these tests take longer to perform as the structure\'s size increases. In a new study, scientists developed a new method to identify defects using shock waves generated by laser-induced plasma. The new method is faster, completely non-destructive, and allows for timely evaluation of concrete infrastructure.',1,37,'<li>Sho Wakata, Naoki Hosoya, Noboru Hasegawa, Masaharu Nishikino. <strong>Defect detection of concrete in infrastructure based on Rayleigh wave propagation generated by laser-induced plasma shock waves</strong>. <em>International Journal of Mechanical Sciences</em>, 2022; 218: 107039 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2021.107039\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2021.107039</a>\r\n</li>'),(36,'New simulations refine axion mass, refocusing dark matter search','new-simulations-refine-axion-mass-refocusing-dark-matter-search','2022-02-25 16:28:47.686678','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Physicists searching -- unsuccessfully -- for today\'s most favored candidate for dark matter, the axion, have been looking in the wrong place, according to a new supercomputer simulation of how axions were produced shortly after the Big Bang 13.6 billion years ago.</p><p>Using new calculational techniques and one of the world\'s largest computers, Benjamin Safdi, assistant professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley; Malte Buschmann, a postdoctoral research associate at Princeton University; and colleagues at MIT and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory simulated the era when axions would have been produced, approximately a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a second after the universe came into existence and after the epoch of cosmic inflation.</p><p>The simulation at Berkeley Lab\'s National Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) found the axion\'s mass to be more than twice as big as theorists and experimenters have thought: between 40 and 180 microelectron volts (micro-eV, or<em> ?eV)</em>, or about one 10-billionth the mass of the electron. There are indications, Safdi said, that the mass is close to 65 <em>?eV</em>. Since physicists began looking for the axion 40 years ago, estimates of the mass have ranged widely, from a few <em>?eV</em> to 500 <em>?eV</em>.</p><p>\"We provide over a thousandfold improvement in the dynamic range of our axion simulations relative to prior work and clear up a 40-year old question regarding the axion mass and axion cosmology,\" Safdi said.</p><p>The more definitive mass means that the most common type of experiment to detect these elusive particles -- a microwave resonance chamber containing a strong magnetic field, in which scientists hope to snag the conversion of an axion into a faint electromagnetic wave -- won\'t be able to detect them, no matter how much the experiment is tweaked. The chamber would have to be smaller than a few centimeters on a side to detect the higher-frequency wave from a higher-mass axion, Safdi said, and that volume would be too small to capture enough axions for the signal to rise above the noise.</p><p>\"Our work provides the most precise estimate to date of the axion mass and points to a specific range of masses that is not currently being explored in the laboratory,\" he said. \"I really do think it makes sense to focus experimental efforts on 40 to 180 ?eV axion masses, but there\'s a lot of work gearing up to go after that mass range.\"</p><p>One newer type of experiment, a plasma haloscope, which looks for axion excitations in a metamaterial -- a solid-state plasma -- should be sensitive to an axion particle of this mass, and could potentially detect one.</p><p>\"The basic studies of these three-dimensional arrays of fine wires have worked out amazingly well, much better than we ever expected,\" said Karl van Bibber, a UC Berkeley professor of nuclear engineering who is building a prototype of the plasma haloscope while also participating in a microwave cavity axion search called the HAYSTAC experiment. \"Ben\'s latest result is very exciting. If the post-inflation scenario is right, after four decades, discovery of the axion could be greatly accelerated.\"</p><p>If axions really exist.</p><p>The work will be published Feb. 25 in the journal <em>Nature Communications</em>.</p><p><strong>Axion top candidate for dark matter</strong></p><p>Dark matter is a mysterious substance that astronomers know exists -- it affects the movements of every star and galaxy -- but which interacts so weakly with the stuff of stars and galaxies that it has eluded detection. That doesn\'t mean dark matter can\'t be studied and even weighed. Astronomers know quite precisely how much dark matter exists in the Milky Way Galaxy and even in the entire universe: 85% of all matter in the cosmos.</p><p>To date, dark matter searches have focused on massive compact objects in the halo of our galaxy (called massive compact halo objects, or MACHOs), weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) and even unseen black holes. None turned up a likely candidate.</p><p>\"Dark matter is most of the matter in the universe, and we have no idea what it is. One of the most outstanding questions in all of science is, \'What is dark matter?\'\" Safdi said. \"We suspect it is a new particle we don\'t know about, and the axion could be that particle. It could be created in abundance in the Big Bang and be floating out there explaining observations that have been made in astrophysics.\"</p><p>Though not strictly a WIMP, the axion also interacts weakly with normal matter. It passes easily through the earth without disruption. It was proposed in 1978 as a new elementary particle that could explain why the neutron\'s spin does not precess or wobble in an electric field. The axion, according to theory, suppresses this precession in the neutron.</p><p>\"Still to this day, the axion is the best idea we have about how to explain these weird observations about the neutron,\" Safdi said.</p><p>In the 1980s, the axion began to be seen also as a candidate for dark matter, and the first attempts to detect axions were launched. Using the equations of the well-vetted theory of fundamental particle interactions, the so-called Standard Model, in addition to the theory of the Big Bang, the Standard Cosmological Model, it is possible to calculate the axion\'s precise mass, but the equations are so difficult that to date we have only estimates, which have varied immensely. Since the mass is known so imprecisely, searches employing microwave cavities -- essentially elaborate radio receivers -- must tune through millions of frequency channels to try to find the one corresponding to the axion mass.</p><p>\"With these axion experiments, they don\'t know what station they\'re supposed to be tuning to, so they have to scan over many different possibilities,\" Safdi said.</p><p>Safdi and his team produced the most recent, though incorrect, axion mass estimate that experimentalists are currently targeting. But as they worked on improved simulations, they approached a team from Berkeley Lab that had developed a specialized code for a better simulation technique called adaptive mesh refinement. During simulations, a small part of the expanding universe is represented by a three-dimensional grid over which the equations are solved. In adaptive mesh refinement, the grid is made more detailed around areas of interest and less detailed around areas of space where nothing much happens. This concentrates computing power on the most important parts of the simulation.</p><p>The technique allowed Safdi\'s simulation to see thousands of times more detail around the areas where axions are generated, allowing a more precise determination of the total number of axions produced and, given the total mass of dark matter in the universe, the axion mass. The simulation employed 69,632 physical computer processing unit (CPU) cores of the Cori supercomputer with nearly 100 terabytes of random access memory (RAM), making the simulation one of the largest dark matter simulations of any kind to date.</p><p>The simulation showed that after the inflationary epoch, little tornadoes, or vortices, form like ropey strings in the early universe and throw off axions like riders bucked from a bronco.</p><p>\"You can think of these strings as composed of axions hugging the vortices while these strings whip around forming loops, connecting, undergoing a lot of violent dynamical processes during the expansion of our universe, and the axions hugging the sides of these strings are trying to hold on for the ride,\" Safdi said. \"But when something too violent happens, they just get thrown off and whip away from these strings. And those axions which get thrown off of the strings end up becoming the dark matter much later on.\"</p><p>By keeping track of the axions that are whipped off, researchers are able to predict the amount of dark matter that was created.</p><p>Adaptive mesh refinement allowed the researchers to simulate the universe much longer than previous simulations and over a much bigger patch of the universe than previous simulations.</p><p>\"We solve for the axion mass both in a more clever way and also by throwing just as much computing power as we could possibly find onto this problem,\" Safdi said. \"We could never simulate our entire universe because it\'s too big. But we don\'t need to stimulate our entire universe. We just need to simulate a big enough patch of the universe for a long enough period of time, such that we capture all of the dynamics that we know are contained within that box.\"</p><p>The team is working with a new supercomputing cluster now being built at Berkeley Lab that will enable simulations that will provide an even more precise mass. Called Perlmutter, after Saul Perlmutter, a UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab physicist who won the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the accelerating expansion of the universe driven by so-called dark energy, the next-generation supercomputer will quadruple the computing power of NERSC.</p><p>\"We want to make even bigger simulations at even higher resolution, which will allow us to shrink these error bars, hopefully down to the 10% level, so we can tell you a very precise number, like 65 plus or minus 2 micro-eV. That then really changes the game experimentally, because then it would become an easier experiment to verify or exclude the axion in such a narrow mass range,\" Safdi said.</p><p>For van Bibber, who was not a member of Safdi\'s simulation team, the new mass estimate tests the limits of microwave cavities, which work less well at high frequencies. So, while the lower limit of the mass range is still within the ability of the HAYSTAC experiment to detect, he is enthused about the plasma haloscope.</p><p>\"Over the years, new theoretical understanding has loosened the constraints on the axion mass; it can be anywhere within 15 orders of magnitude, if you consider the possibility that axions formed before inflation. It\'s become an insane task for experimentalists,\" said van Bibber, who holds UC Berkeley\'s Shankar Sastry Chair of Leadership and Innovation. \"But a recent paper by Frank Wilczek\'s Stockholm theory group may have resolved the conundrum in making a resonator which could be simultaneously both very large in volume and very high in frequency. An actual resonator for a real experiment is still some ways away, but this could be the way to go to get to Safdi\'s predicted mass.\"</p><p>Once simulations give an even more precise mass, the axion may, in fact, be easy to find.</p><p>\"It was really crucial that we teamed up with this computer science team at Berkeley Lab,\" Safdi said. \"We really expanded beyond the physics field and actually made this a computing science problem.\"</p><p>Safdi\'s colleagues include Malte Buschmann of Princeton; MIT postdoctoral fellow Joshua Foster; Anson Hook of the University of Maryland; and Adam Peterson, Don Willcox and Weiqun Zhang of Berkeley Lab\'s Center for Computational Sciences and Engineering. The research was largely funded by the U.S. Department of Energy through the Exascale Computing Project (17-SC-20-SC) and through the Early Career program (DESC0019225).</p><p>Video: <a href=\"https://youtu.be/hrCN6tF087c\">https://youtu.be/hrCN6tF087c</a></p><p>Video on measuring an axion: <a href=\"https://youtu.be/hikmvEbO-vA\">https://youtu.be/hikmvEbO-vA</a></p><p><strong>Story Source:</strong></p>','2022-02-25 20:58:51.978071','uploads/news/new-simulations-refine.jpg',1,'University of California - Berkeley','Axions are today\'s most popular candidate for dark matter, and numerous experiments are trying to detect them in microwave cavities where the axion should rarely convert into an electromagnetic wave. But a new simulation of the production of axions in the early universe provides a more refined mass estimate, and higher frequency for the EM wave, that is outside the range of these experiments. The new mass comes from adaptive mesh refinement in supercomputer simulations.',1,38,'<li>Malte Buschmann, Joshua W. Foster, Anson Hook, Adam Peterson, Don E. Willcox, Weiqun Zhang, Benjamin R. Safdi. <strong>Dark matter from axion strings with adaptive mesh refinement</strong>. <em>Nature Communications</em>, 2022; 13 (1) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28669-y\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41467-022-28669-y</a>\r\n</li>'),(37,'Smart packaging could improve how older adults take medication','smart-packaging-could-improve-how-older-adults-take-medication','2022-02-25 16:14:06.698188','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Older adults are open to using smart packaging to improve their medication-taking experience, a new study finds.</p><p>Smart packages are used to electronically monitor when patients take their medication. When the prescription is not followed as advised by their physician the smart system can notify patients and their caregivers.</p><p>Approximately half of the patients with chronic diseases in developed nations do not take their medication properly. With an aging population where taking multiple medications is common, incorrect medication-taking -- called medication non-adherence -- is a problem impacting the health of patients and costs the healthcare system billions of dollars.</p><p>There has been a surge of telehealth technology to address this issue in the last two decades, from complex at-home medication dispensing devices to reminder apps.</p><p>\"Many of these products are advertised as user-friendly and efficient, but not all are tested with seniors in mind. So how would we know if older adults are able to use them for their day-to-day medication intake and are there any factors that can impact their in-home utilization?\" said Sadaf Faisal, a PhD candidate at the University of Waterloo School of Pharmacy and lead author of the study.</p><p>The researchers visited and studied 10 participants in their homes with a mean age of 76. On average, each took 11 medications for at least five chronic diseases. The participants were provided with a smart blister pack that synchronized with a web portal and recorded each time a participant opened a blister to take medications.</p><p>The researchers then interviewed the participants to assess their experience with the smart blister package. They were also asked to rank the usability of the technology against standardized scales used in product assessment.</p><p>\"Across participants, we found fairly consistent pros and cons to the technology,\" said Tejal Patel, a pharmacy professor and co-author of the study. \"The ability to learn the product easily was important for the participants to use it consistently. Feedback from their social circle -- such as supportive children, partners or health-care providers -- also helped reinforce using the technology.\"</p><p>In general, participants who were more comfortable with technology were more open to using and liking the smart blister pack. However, device size and lack of portability were a significant downside, and if the product behaved inconsistently -- sending reminders one day but not another, for example -- participants became frustrated. Participants also said cost was a barrier to use and that they would be less likely to consider smart technology if it was not covered by a drug plan or funded by the government.</p><p>\"For technology to be effective, it has to be accepted by the end-users,\" Faisal said. \"Smart, technology-based adherence products have the potential to support patients, but health-care providers should assess older adults\' medication intake behaviours and barriers and facilitators to using a product before recommending them.\"</p><p>Explore the <strong>latest scientific research on sleep and dreams</strong> in this free online course from <em>New Scientist</em> — <a href=\"https://academy.newscientist.com/pages/free_course_science_daily?utm_source=science-daily&amp;utm_medium=partner&amp;utm_campaign=sciencedaily_native-ads-free-sleep-course\">Sign up now &gt;&gt;&gt;</a>\r\n</p>','2022-02-25 21:40:08.660782','uploads/news/smart-packaging-could-improve-how-older-adults-take-medication-m.jpg',1,'University of Waterloo','Older adults are open to using smart packaging to improve their medication-taking experience, a new study finds.',1,39,'<li>Sadaf Faisal, Jessica Ivo, Ryan Tennant, Kelsey-Ann Prior, Kelly Grindrod, Colleen McMillan, Tejal Patel. <strong>Integration of a smart multidose blister package for medication intake: A mixed method ethnographic informed study of older adults with chronic diseases</strong>. <em>PLOS ONE</em>, 2022; 17 (1): e0262012 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262012\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1371/journal.pone.0262012</a>\r\n</li>'),(38,'Feeling connected to nature linked to lower risk of snake and spider phobias','feeling-connected-to-nature-linked-to-lower-risk-of-snake-and-spider-phobias','2022-02-25 16:15:46.777328','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">A study of over a thousand people in Hungary has found for the first time that people who feel more connected to nature are less likely to be affected by snake and spider fears or phobias. The research is published in British Ecological Society journal, <em>People and Nature</em>.</p><p>In the study, researchers from universities in Hungary, Czech Republic and Portugal used clinically established questionnaires to assess participants\' fear of snakes and spiders and their connectedness to nature. They found that people who scored highly in their self-perceived connection to nature -- particularly a longing to be close to nature and engagement to protect it -- were less likely to score highly in measures of snake and spider fear.</p><p>The researchers say that because of this association, a connection to nature could potentially be a protective factor against snake and spider phobias, two of the most prevalent animal phobias.</p><p>Dr Jakub Polák at Charles University, Czech Republic, and co-author of the study said<em>:</em> \"Analysis of our data showed one clear picture: the more you like nature and feel a part of it, the less you are at risk of developing a snake or spider phobia, an anxiety disorders which can significantly lower your quality of life.\"</p><p>Dr Coelho at the University of Porto, Portugal, and co-author of the study, stressed that the association found in this study can go both ways: \"A connection to nature may cause people to experience less fear of snakes and spiders. However, it is also possible that people with lower fear of snakes and spiders are consequently more interested in nature and feel a stronger connection with the natural environment.\"</p><p>The researchers also collected demographic data from the participants and found older age and living in less urbanised environments were also associated with reduced fear of snakes and spiders.</p><p>The study findings add to the growing evidence of the positive effects from spending time in nature and feeling connected to it, such as improved health, enhanced mood, and reduced stress.</p><p>Dr András Norbert Zsido, at the University of Pécs, Hungary, and co-author of the study said: \"Connectedness to nature, can have a wide range of positive effects. In our study we find that it may prevent the development of animal phobias or could facilitate coping with such fear if they already exist. It\'s also been shown that being connected to nature carries health benefits and can result in more knowledge and a more positive attitude towards animals, along with greater environmental responsibility.\"</p><p>Fear of snakes and spiders are thought to stem from threats in our evolutionary history. While these fears can protect us, having a phobia -- an extreme or irrational fear -- can cause significant distress and interfere with a person\'s day-to-day life as they try to avoid all confrontation with the phobic stimulus.</p><p>In the study the researchers assessed participants\' connection to nature using the Nature Relatedness Scale. This questionnaire asks participants to agree or disagree with statements covering attitudes to conservation, feelings of belonging to nature and ease of being outdoors in the wilderness. Higher scores indicate a stronger connection with nature.</p><p>To assess participant\'s fear of snakes and spiders, the researchers used established questionnaires that are used in clinical screenings for phobias. Participants answered questions on fainting or avoidance in reaction to snakes and spiders and were then shown images of the animals and asked to rate them along three scales: whether they perceived the images to be unpleasant or pleasant, whether the images made them feel calm or excited, and whether they felt dominance or dominated by the animals in the pictures.</p><p>Because the study was correlational and didn\'t collect longitudinal data, the researchers were not able to determine the direction of the relationship between connection to nature and animal fears. Dr Zsido explained: \"This was a cross-sectional study, so we were not able to measure possible effects of nature relatedness on fears over time. Whether pro-environmental education and increased time spent in natural environments could reliably decrease fears is still an open question.\"</p><p>The researchers are now hoping to explore whether their findings would be the same for other animal phobias or apply to other cultures around the world.</p><p>Dr Polák said: \"I would like to see if the same association between connectedness to nature and animal fears would be found in other countries with a different culture, different levels of urbanisation, and potentially different attitudes towards animals. We suppose that fear of snakes and spiders is universal all over the world, but is the protective role of nature connectedness universal as well? That would be worth future research.\"</p><p>Understanding what causes animal phobias to persist also interests the researchers. Dr Coelho added: \"I would like to know why some people never seem to leave behind their fears, even if they have a lot of experience with the object that evokes the feeling. Is this due to the nature of the stimuli itself, or maybe to individual differences?\"</p><p>Explore the <strong>latest scientific research on sleep and dreams</strong> in this free online course from <em>New Scientist</em> — <a href=\"https://academy.newscientist.com/pages/free_course_science_daily?utm_source=science-daily&amp;utm_medium=partner&amp;utm_campaign=sciencedaily_native-ads-free-sleep-course\">Sign up now &gt;&gt;&gt;</a>\r\n</p>','2022-02-25 21:40:52.893992','uploads/news/download_11.jfif',1,'British Ecological Society','A study of over a thousand people in Hungary has found for the first time that people who feel more connected to nature are less likely to be affected by snake and spider fears or phobias.',1,40,'<li>Andras N. Zsido, Carlos M. Coelho, Jakub Polák. <strong>Nature relatedness: A protective factor for snake and spider fears and phobias</strong>. <em>People and Nature</em>, 2022; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10303\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002/pan3.10303</a>\r\n</li>'),(39,'Surprise small-cell lung cancer discovery suggests new treatment','surprise-small-cell-lung-cancer-discovery-suggests-new-treatment','2022-02-25 16:17:27.874578','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">An unexpected discovery at UVA Cancer Center has allowed scientists to halt the development of small-cell lung cancer in lab mice, and the surprise finding could open the door to a new treatment approach in people.</p><p>The researchers, led by UVA\'s Kwon-Sik Park, PhD, and John H. Bushweller, PhD, were seeking to understand the role of a mutation in the <em>EP300</em> gene in the formation of small-cell lung cancer tumors. Their experiments revealed that the gene makes a protein with surprising properties that can both foster or prevent the development of small-cell lung cancer. By preventing the gene from acting as a tumor-promoter, the researchers were able to stop the cancer from forming and spreading. This held true in both cell samples and lab mice.</p><p>The protein\'s essential role in tumor formation makes it an enticing target for researchers seeking to development new treatments for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), an exceptionally dangerous form of cancer. Overall five-year survival for patients diagnosed with SCLC is only about 7%.</p><p>\"The most remarkable aspect of our findings is that we explained the unique vulnerability of EP300 at the molecular level, down to a single amino acid,\" said Park, of the University of Virginia School of Medicine\'s Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology. \"Given the frequent <em>EP300</em> mutations found in a wide range of cancer types, I hope that the concept of targeting the EP300 KIX domain will have a more general applicability for cancer therapy.\"</p><p><strong>About Small-Cell Lung Cancer</strong></p><p>Small-cell lung cancer is responsible for approximately 13% of lung cancer diagnoses. Patients typically have better outcomes when it is caught early, before it has spread outside the lung, but it is a fast-growing cancer and is often discovered after it has already spread. Smoking is a major risk factor. Current treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and immunotherapy, but, for most patients, treatments do not cure the cancer. That means better options are urgently needed.</p><p>UVA\'s new findings point to a potential new approach. Park and his team made their surprise discovery while investigating the role of the <em>EP300</em> gene in the development of SCLC using genetically engineered mouse models. Remarkably, they found the protein the gene makes could both promote and suppress tumor formation. One component, or \"domain,\" of the protein appeared to foster cancer development, while another appeared to impede it.</p><p>The scientists further investigated the tumor-promoting domain, called KIX, and found it was essential for SCLC development. The cancer couldn\'t exist without it. The cancer, it turned out, had to get its KIX.</p><p>That suggests that targeting KIX could offer a way to treat SCLC in patients, the scientists say. In a new scientific paper outlining their findings, they call KIX a \"unique vulnerability\" in small-cell lung cancer.</p><p>To explore this newfound vulnerability, Park immediately turned to UVA\'s Bushweller and Tim Bender, PhD, who previously had considered targeting the KIX domain. A fruitful collaboration instantly ensued.</p><p>\"Based on this data, we are quite excited to pursue the development of a drug targeting the KIX domain, as this will likely have multiple applications for cancer treatment, particularly for SCLC and leukemia,\" said Bushweller, of UVA\'s Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics.</p><p>The researchers were pleased that their collaboration has produced such a promising lead in the effort to develop better therapies for small-cell lung cancer.</p><p>\"This study was one of the best examples for the interdisciplinary collaborations happening at UVA, spearheaded by talented and hardworking postdocs Kee-Beom Kim and Asish Kabra,\" Park noted.</p><p>Shedding light on the causes of cancer and pioneering better ways to treat it are urgent missions of the UVA Cancer Center, which on Feb. 1 became one of only 52 cancer centers in the country to be designated as a Comprehensive Cancer Center by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The designation recognizes elite cancer centers with the most outstanding cancer programs in the nation. Comprehensive Cancer Centers must meet rigorous standards for innovative research and leading-edge clinical trials.</p><p>The work was funded by the National Institutes of Health, grants R01CA194461, U01CA224293, R01GM100776, R56AI108767, R01CA204020, P30CA044579 and P30CA008748; a UVA \"Three Cavaliers\" grant; and an Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Research Foundation grant.</p>','2022-02-25 21:41:21.510599','uploads/news/download_12.jfif',1,'University of Virginia Health System','Scientists say the unexpected discovery about small-cell lung cancer could lead to new treatment approaches for that cancer and other forms of cancer as well.',1,41,'<li>Kee-Beom Kim, Ashish Kabra, Dong-Wook Kim, Yongming Xue, Yuanjian Huang, Pei-Chi Hou, Yunpeng Zhou, Leilani J. Miranda, Jae-Il Park, Xiaobing Shi, Timothy P. Bender, John H. Bushweller, Kwon-Sik Park. <strong>KIX domain determines a selective tumor-promoting role for EP300 and its vulnerability in small cell lung cancer</strong>. <em>Science Advances</em>, 2022; 8 (7) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl4618\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1126/sciadv.abl4618</a>\r\n</li>'),(40,'Earth’s coldest forests are shifting northward with climate change','earths-coldest-forests-are-shifting-northward-with-climate-change','2022-02-25 16:28:16.958195','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">New research from Northern Arizona University shows rising temperatures are causing Earth\'s coldest forests to shift northward, raising concerns about biodiversity, an increased risk of wildfires and mounting impacts of climate change on northern communities.</p><p>Logan Berner, assistant research professor in the School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems (SICCS) and Scott Goetz, Regents\' professor and director of the GEODE Lab, authored the article, \"Satellite observations document trends consistent with a boreal forest biome shift,\" which was published Thursday in <em>Global Change Biology</em>. The boreal forest is a belt of cold-tolerant conifer trees that stretches nearly 9,000 miles across northern North American and Eurasia; it accounts for almost a quarter of the Earth\'s forest area and is the coldest -- though mostly rapidly warming -- forest biome.</p><p>For this study, the researchers used 40 years of moderately fine (30m) resolution satellite observations and various geospatial climate-related datasets of the boreal forest and assessed where and why vegetation greened and browned during recent decades. \"Greening\" indicates higher rates of vegetation growth, which can happen when climate warming promotes growth of trees and shrubs, as was observed near the arctic and alpine tree lines. \"Browning\" indicates lower rates of vegetation growth and potentially vegetation death, such as when hotter and drier conditions suppress tree growth and kill trees.</p><p>\"There is emerging evidence that climate change is causing boreal trees and shrubs to expand into arctic and alpine tundra, while at the same time causing trees to become more stressed and die along the warm southern margins of the boreal forest,\" Berner said. \"These dynamics could lead to a gradual northward shift in the geographic extent of the boreal forest biome, but the extent to which such changes are already underway has remained unclear.\"</p><p>What they found wasn\'t exactly a surprise. Vegetation became greener across much of the cold northern margins of the boreal forest; warmer conditions led to increased vegetation growth and enabled trees and shrubs to expand into arctic and alpine tundra. Conversely, vegetation became browner along parts of the warm southern margins of this biome as a result of hotter, drier conditions increasing tree stress and death. Intriguingly, Berner said, vegetation was more likely to become greener in areas with high soil nitrogen, indicating that soil nutrient availability is an important constraint on the response of boreal vegetation to climate change.</p><p>\"The boreal forest ecosystem is changing in many ways over recent decades, and those changes are often linked with increasing fire disturbance,\" Goetz said. \"Here we intentionally focused on areas that were not recently disturbed by fire so we could tease out the effect of climate change. Our hypotheses about what would happen were verified by this analysis -- forests are getting more productive in the cooler northern and higher elevation areas, and they\'re getting less productive as a result of hot air masses and drying in the warmer and more southerly areas. We fully expect that will continue and probably intensify in the years to come.\"</p><p><strong>What a changing biome means for the forest</strong></p><p>Changes in vegetation could affect both plant and animal biodiversity, especially species like caribou and moose, which have specific foraging preferences (e.g. deciduous shrubs and trees). These wildlife species are critical sources of food for subsistence communities in the boreal- tundra ecotone. Changes in vegetation along both the northern and southern margins of the boreal forest will impact wildfire regimes, likely increasing the risk of more and severe fires. Changes in vegetation also impact the stability of carbon-rich permafrost soils and absorption of solar energy by the land surface in ways that could accelerate climate warming. Moreover, increasing tree mortality could have widespread implications for forest products while also leading to further degradation of semi-continuous and sporadic permafrost.</p><p>These future effects are not limited to the geographical area around the forest.</p><p>\"Fundamentally, greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are causing Earth\'s climate to warm, which in turn is leading the boreal forest to shift northward, as well as impacting other ecosystems across the planet\" Berner said. \"To minimize adverse impacts of climate change, efforts are needed to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially related to fossil fuel consumption and deforestation. Furthermore, northern communities need to plan for potential changes in vegetation that could impact resource availability (e.g. wildlife, timber) and wildfire risk.\"</p><p>This study is part of a larger initiative funded by NASA\'s Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) that will include further efforts to understand the extent, nature, cause and consequence of an emerging boreal biome shift. Goetz is the science lead for ABoVE.</p>','2022-02-25 21:41:27.595329','uploads/news/forest-1.jpg',1,'Northern Arizona University','New research shows rising temperatures are causing Earth\'s coldest forests to shift northward, raising concerns about biodiversity, an increased risk of wildfires and mounting impacts of climate change on northern communities.',1,42,'<li>Logan T. Berner, Scott J. Goetz. <strong>Satellite observations document trends consistent with a boreal forest biome shift</strong>. <em>Global Change Biology</em>, 2022; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16121\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111/gcb.16121</a>\r\n</li>'),(41,'Fight or flight? How birds are helping to reveal the mysteries of evolution','fight-or-flight-how-birds-are-helping-to-reveal-the-mysteries-of-evolution','2022-02-25 16:27:36.616609','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">New research from the University of Massachusetts Amherst uncovers the negative link between flight-worthiness and fight-worthiness in birds. Evolutionary pressure demanded that birds could either fly or arm themselves -- but not both. Furthermore, the new research suggests that developing wings and not bony spurs involved both sexual and natural selection. This insight helps us better understand how the enormous diversity of life and earth came to be.</p><p>Beetles do it, deer do it, even crabs in the sea do it. But birds don\'t. Carry weapons that is. \"It\'s kind of puzzling,\" says João C. T. Menezes, graduate student in the Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Program at UMass Amherst and lead author of the new paper, published recently in <em>Ecology Letters</em>. \"Birds have such spectacular songs, plumage and dances, but they mostly don\'t have specialized weapons. It\'s strange because dancing, singing, fancy feathers and fighting are all ways of successfully obtaining a mate, and often go together.\"</p><p>To understand why, Menezes and his co-author, Alexandre V. Palaoro of Clemson University, went searching for two things: a dependable estimate of how many species of birds <em>do</em> in fact carry weapons, and a way of measuring how much, and how well, different species fly.</p><p>It turns out that, although the vast majority of birds are unarmed, a small percentage, 1.7% do pack weapons in the form of bony spurs on their legs. To measure different species\' flight aptitude, the researchers relied on the hand-wing index, or HWI, an enormous dataset that evaluates more than 10,000 species of birds and which lets researchers compare how efficiently different birds are at taking wing.</p><p>Menezes and his coauthor then compared the two sets of data and found a striking correlation: \"the best fliers tend to lack spurs,\" says Menezes, \"and the most heavily armed fighters tend to struggle in the air.\" All of which immediately begged the question, why?</p><p>To answer that, the researchers ran a number of simulations and models, which showed that bony spurs could impose a heavy evolutionary cost. While it\'s true that weapons, like plumage, dancing and the ability to sing helps attract a mate and so are an advantage in sexual selection, the spurs make flying a more energy-intensive activity. Though it\'s remarkably difficult to pin down exactly how this affected the course of evolution, it seems likely that spurs decreased an individual\'s ability to fly fast, far and takeoff easily. This is where natural selection should kick in: spurs might make birds more likely to get eaten or require more food to meet their daily energy requirements, while their unspurred counterparts can get away, eat less and live to breed another day.</p><p>\"This helps explain why birds have an amazing range of plumage, song and dance, while almost totally lacking in the weaponry department,\" says Menezes.</p>','2022-02-25 21:41:30.868691','uploads/news/birds.jpg',1,'University of Massachusetts Amherst','New research uncovers the negative link between flight-worthiness and fight-worthiness in birds. Evolutionary pressure demanded that birds could either fly or arm themselves -- but not both. Furthermore, the new research suggests that developing wings and not bony spurs involved both sexual and natural selection. This insight helps us better understand how the enormous diversity of life and earth came to be.',1,43,'<li>João C. T. Menezes, Alexandre V. Palaoro. <strong>Flight hampers the evolution of weapons in birds</strong>. <em>Ecology Letters</em>, 2022; 25 (3): 624 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.13964\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111/ele.13964</a>\r\n</li>'),(42,'Microscopic view on asteroid collisions could help us understand planet formation','microscopic-view-on-asteroid-collisions-could-help-us-understand-planet-formation','2022-02-25 16:21:31.939345','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">A new way of dating collisions between asteroids and planetary bodies throughout our Solar System\'s history could help scientists reconstruct how and when planets were born.</p><p>A team of researchers, led by the University of Cambridge, combined dating and microscopic analysis of the Chelyabinsk meteorite -- which fell to Earth and hit the headlines in 2013 -- to get more accurate constraints on the timing of ancient impact events.</p><p>Their study, published in <em>Communications Earth &amp; Environment</em>, looked at how minerals within the meteorite were damaged by different impacts over time, meaning they could identify the biggest and oldest events that may have been involved in planetary formation.</p><p>\"Meteorite impact ages are often controversial: our work shows that we need to draw on multiple lines of evidence to be more certain about impact histories -- almost like investigating an ancient crime scene,\" said Craig Walton, who led the research and is based at Cambridge\'s Department of Earth Sciences.</p><p>Early in our Solar System\'s history, planets including the Earth formed from massive collisions between asteroids and even bigger bodies, called proto-planets.</p><p>\"Evidence of these impacts is so old that it has been lost on the planets -- Earth in particular has a short memory because surface rocks are continually recycled by plate tectonics,\" said co-author Dr Oli Shorttle, who is based jointly at Cambridge\'s Department of Earth Sciences and Institute of Astronomy.</p><p>Asteroids, and their fragments that fall to Earth as meteorites, are in contrast inert, cold and much older -- making them faithful timekeepers of collisions.</p><p>The new research, which was a collaboration with researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Open University, recorded how phosphate minerals inside the Chelyabinsk meteorite were shattered to varying degrees in order to piece together a collision history.</p><p>Their aim was to corroborate uranium-lead dating of the meteorite, which looks at the time elapsed for one isotope to decay to another.</p><p>\"The phosphates in most primitive meteorites are fantastic targets for dating the shock events experienced by the meteorites on their parent bodies,\" said Dr Sen Hu, who carried out the uranium-lead dating at Beijing\'s Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.</p><p>Previous dating of this meteorite has revealed two impact ages, one older, roughly 4.5-billion-year-old collision and another which occurred within the last 50 million years.</p><p>But these ages aren\'t so clear-cut. Much like a painting fading over time, successive collisions can obscure a once clear picture, leading to uncertainty among the scientific community over the age and even the number of impacts recorded.</p><p>The new study put the collisions recorded by the Chelyabinsk meteorite in time order by linking new uranium-lead ages on the meteorite to microscopic evidence for collision-induced heating seen inside their crystal structures. These microscopic clues build up in the minerals with each successive impact, meaning the collisions can be distinguished, put in time order and dated.</p><p>Their findings show that minerals containing the imprint of the oldest collision were either shattered into many smaller crystals at high temperatures or strongly deformed at high pressures.</p><p>The team also described some mineral grains in the meteorite that were fractured by a lesser impact, at lower pressures and temperatures, and which record a much more recent age of less than 50 million years. They suggest this impact probably chipped the Chelyabinsk meteorite off its host asteroid and sent it hurtling to Earth.</p><p>Taken together, this supports a two-stage collision history. \"The question for us was whether these dates could be trusted, could we tie these impacts to evidence of superheating from an impact?\" said Walton. \"What we\'ve shown is that the mineralogical context for dating is really important.\"</p><p>Scientists are particularly interested in the date of the 4.5-billion-year-old impact because this is about the time we think the Earth-Moon system came to being, probably as a result of two planetary bodies colliding.</p><p>The Chelyabinsk meteorite belongs to a group of so-called stony meteorites, all of which contain highly shattered and remelted material roughly coincident with this colossal impact.</p><p>The newly-acquired dates support previous suggestions that many asteroids experienced high energy collisions between 4.48 -- 4.44 billion years ago. \"The fact that all of these asteroids record intense melting at this time might indicate Solar System re-organisation, either resulting from the Earth-Moon formation or perhaps the orbital movements of giant planets.\"</p><p>Walton now plans to refine dating over the window of the Moon-forming impact, which could tell us how our own planet came to being.</p>','2022-02-25 21:41:41.485913','uploads/news/download_14.jfif',1,'University of Cambridge','A new way of dating collisions between asteroids and planetary bodies throughout our solar system\'s history could help scientists reconstruct how and when planets were born.',1,44,'<li>Craig R. Walton, Oliver Shorttle, Sen Hu, Auriol S. P. Rae, Ji Jianglong, Ana Černok, Helen Williams, Yu Liu, Guoqiang Tang, Qiuli Li, Mahesh Anand. <strong>Ancient and recent collisions revealed by phosphate minerals in the Chelyabinsk meteorite</strong>. <em>Communications Earth &amp; Environment</em>, 2022; 3 (1) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00373-1\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s43247-022-00373-1</a>\r\n</li>'),(43,'Inorganic borophene liquid crystals: A superior new material for optoelectronic devices','inorganic-borophene-liquid-crystals-a-superior-new-material-for-optoelectronic-devices','2022-02-25 16:27:15.482135','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Liquid crystals derived from borophene have risen in popularity, owing to their immense applicability in optoelectronic and photonic devices. However, their development requires a very narrow temperature range, which hinders their large-scale application. Now, Tokyo Tech researchers investigated a liquid-state borophene oxide, discovering that it exhibited high thermal stability and optical switching behavior even at low voltages. These findings highlight the strong potential of borophene oxide-derived liquid crystals for use in widespread applications.</p><p>Two-dimensional (2D) atomic layered materials, such as the carbon-based graphene and the boron-based borophene, are highly sought after for their applications in a variety of optoelectronic devices, owing to their desirable electronic properties. The monolayer structure of borophene with a network of boron bonds endows it with high flexibility, which can be beneficial for the generation of a liquid state at low temperatures. Thus, it is not surprising that liquid crystals derived from 2D networked structures are in high demand. However, the poor stability of borophene, in particular, makes it difficult for it to undergo a phase transition to the liquid state.</p><p>In contrast, borophene oxide -- a derivative of borophene -- can improve the stability of the internal boron network, in turn stabilizing the entire structure. This property of borophene oxide is different from that of other 2D materials, which are unable to yield liquid crystals without the use of solvents.</p><p>To compensate for the lack of suitable liquid crystals, a team of researchers from Japan, including Assistant Professor Tetsuya Kambe and Professor Kimihisa Yamamoto from Tokyo Institute of Technology, investigated the properties of a borophene oxide analogue as a fully inorganic liquid with a layered structure. Their study was recently published in <em>Nature Communications</em><em>.</em></p><p>Initially, the team used previously tested methods to generate borophene oxide layers (BoL) as crystals (BoL-C). They then converted BoL-C to liquid crystals (BoL-LC) by heating them to temperatures of 105-200°C. They observed that the resultant dehydration weakened the interactions between the interlayers of BoL-C, which is desirable for its flexibility.</p><p>The team then analyzed the structural properties of BoL-LC using polarized optical microscopy, discovering that BoL-LC sheets are found stacked parallel to the surface of the liquid drop with a slightly curved form. This spherulite orientation of borophene sheets was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy.</p><p>An analysis of the phase transition features revealed that phase transition (P-ii/P-i) occurred at around 100°C for BoL-LC. In fact, both transition phases exhibited high thermal stability at extreme temperatures. The team also observed a highly ordered orientation of the P-ii phase.</p><p>To test its optical switching behavior, the team created a dynamic scattering device using BoL-LC, and found that unlike other organic liquid crystals, the BoL-based device responded well to voltages as low as 1V. These findings highlight the feasibility of inorganic liquid devices in harsh environments.</p><p>\"Although a liquid crystal device using graphene oxide has been reported previously, it was a lyotropic liquid crystal, with a strong dependence on the solution concentration. Therefore, the previously reported material is different from the liquid borophene created in this study, without the use of any solvents,\" says Dr. Kambe, while discussing the advantages of BoL-LC over other 2D liquid crystals.</p><p>What\'s more, they found that even upon exposure to direct fire, BoL-LC was noncombustible! This confirms that BoL-LC in a liquid state with an ordered layer structure can exist over a wide range of temperatures -- a property which has not been observed so far for other organic materials.</p><p>When asked about the implications of these findings, Dr. Kambe and Dr. Yamamoto stated, \"BoL-LC exhibits strong potential for use in widespread applications, that are unavailable to conventional organic liquid crystals or inorganic materials.\"</p>','2022-02-25 21:41:45.574142','uploads/news/crystals.png',1,'Tokyo Institute of Technology','Liquid crystals derived from borophene have risen in popularity, owing to their immense applicability in optoelectronic and photonic devices. However, their development requires a very narrow temperature range, which hinders their large-scale application. Now, researchers have investigated a liquid-state borophene oxide, discovering that it exhibited high thermal stability and optical switching behavior even at low voltages. These findings highlight the strong potential of borophene oxide-derived liquid crystals for use in widespread applications.',1,45,'<li>Tetsuya Kambe, Shotaro Imaoka, Misa Shimizu, Reina Hosono, Dongwan Yan, Hinayo Taya, Masahiro Katakura, Hirona Nakamura, Shoichi Kubo, Atsushi Shishido, Kimihisa Yamamoto. <strong>Liquid crystalline 2D borophene oxide for inorganic optical devices</strong>. <em>Nature Communications</em>, 2022; 13 (1) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28625-w\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41467-022-28625-w</a>\r\n</li>'),(44,'Unravelling the mysteries around type-2 diabetes','unravelling-the-mysteries-around-type-2-diabetes','2022-02-25 16:24:28.156903','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">For more than 30 years, scientists have been trying to unravel the mystery of how a key biological molecule self assembles into a rogue protein-like substance known as amyloid, which is thought to play a role in the development of type-2 diabetes -- a disease that affects 300 million people worldwide.</p><p>A team of scientists at the University of Leeds has, for the first time, been able to identify the step-by-step changes that take place in the molecule known as human islet amyloid polypeptide, or hIAPP, as it changes into amyloid.</p><p>They have also discovered new compounds that are able to speed up or slow down the process.</p><p>In healthy people, hIAPP is secreted by islets in the pancreas alongside the hormone insulin and it helps to regulate blood glucose levels and the amount of food in the stomach. When hIAPP malfunctions, it forms clumps of a protein-like substance called amyloid fibrils that kill the insulin-producing islets in the pancreas.</p><p>The build-up of amyloid fibrils is seen in people with type-2 diabetes although the exact mechanism of how it triggers disease is not known.</p><p>The research findings -- Tuning the rate of aggregation of hIAPP into amyloid using small-molecule modulators of assembly -- are published today in the journal<em> Nature Communications.</em></p><p>The paper not only describes the complex molecular changes seen in hIAPP molecules as they transform into amyloid fibrils, but the scientists also announce that they have discovered two compounds, described as molecule modulators, which can control the process: one of the compounds delays it, the other accelerates it.</p><p>These molecule modulators can be used as \"chemical tools\" to help scientists investigate the way amyloid fibrils grow and how and why they become toxic.</p><p>Significantly they offer \"starting points\" for the development of drugs that could halt or control amyloid fibril formation and help in the urgent search to find ways to treat type 2 diabetes.</p><p>Sheena Radford, Royal Society Research Professor and Professor of Biophysics at the Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology at Leeds, who supervised the research, said: \"This is an exciting and huge step forward in our quest to understand and treat amyloid disease and to tackle a major health issue that is growing at an alarming rate.</p><p>\"The compounds we have discovered are a first and important step towards small molecule intervention in a disease that has foxed scientists for generations.\"</p><p>The research team looked at hIAPP found commonly in the population and a rare variant found in people with a genetic mutation known as S20G which puts them at greater risk of developing type-2 diabetes.</p><p><strong>Amyloid fibril formation linked to disease</strong></p><p>Understanding amyloid fibril formation is a key area of health research. The formation of fibrils is believed to be a factor in a range of life-limiting illnesses including Alzheimer\'s Disease and Parkinson\'s Disease, as well as type-2 diabetes.</p><p>Professor Radford added: \"The results are also hugely exciting as they open the door to using the same type of approaches to understanding other amyloid diseases, the vast majority of which currently lack any treatments.\"</p>','2022-02-25 21:41:48.955791','uploads/news/download_15.jfif',1,'University of Leeds','For more than 30 years, scientists have been trying to unravel the mystery of how a key biological molecule self assembles into a rogue protein-like substance known as amyloid, which is thought to play a role in the development of type-2 diabetes - a disease that affects 300 million people worldwide. A team of scientists at the University of Leeds has, for the first time, been able to identify the step-by-step changes that take place in the molecule known as human islet amyloid polypeptide, or hIAPP, as it changes into amyloid.',1,46,'<li>Yong Xu, Roberto Maya-Martinez, Nicolas Guthertz, George R. Heath, Iain W. Manfield, Alexander L. Breeze, Frank Sobott, Richard Foster, Sheena E. Radford. <strong>Tuning the rate of aggregation of hIAPP into amyloid using small-molecule modulators of assembly</strong>. <em>Nature Communications</em>, 2022; 13 (1) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28660-7\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41467-022-28660-7</a>\r\n</li>'),(46,'Discovery of ancient underwater landslide could help Middle Eastern nations realize tsunami hazards','discovery-of-ancient-underwater-landslide-could-help-middle-eastern-nations-realize-tsunami-hazards','2022-02-25 17:09:46.983397','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">An earth scientist from the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science discovered evidence of an ancient underwater landslide and associated tsunami in the Gulf of Aqaba, a subsidiary of the Red Sea, that should serve as a warning for many nations in the Middle East.</p><p>Sam Purkis, professor and chair of the Department of Marine Geosciences, spent four weeks aboard the OceanXplorer research vessel in the region. As he and a fellow scientist were ascending from 3,000 feet during a submersible dive, Purkis noticed a startling break in the seabed. It was an unexpected find, although not out of the question for the Red Sea, which was formed by the separation of the African and Arabian tectonic plates 30 million years ago.</p><p>\"Immediately, I realized that what we were looking at was the result of some geological force, which had broken the seafloor,\" said Purkis.</p><p>Purkis then began a scientific journey to learn more about the chasm, and took rock samples, which revealed that it had been created by a landslide that likely occurred 500 years ago. He was also able to find evidence from sediment collected north of the chasm, which showed that a tsunami was likely spawned by the landslide.</p><p>The study, \"Tsunamigenic Potential of an Incipient Submarine Landslide in the Tiran Straits,\" published February 3, 2022 in the journal <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em> of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), predicts that future movement of the seabed might trigger more tsunami in the Gulf. Therefore, the nations along its coasts -- including Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Israel -- need to ensure that early warning systems are in place for both earthquakes and tsunami.</p><p>\"Just a little shake in the wrong place and the whole wall could fail, leading to a much larger tsunami than occurred 500 years ago,\" Purkis said. \"That area of Egypt, as well as Saudi Arabia, which are urbanizing so rapidly, have certain hazards which haven\'t been previously recognized, but they need to be, to avoid a future catastrophe.\"</p><p>The entire OceanXplorer research voyage was funded by Neom, a company developing the Saudi Arabian coastline.</p>','2022-02-25 22:33:25.351644','uploads/news/discovery-of-ancient-u.jpg',1,'University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science','An earth scientist has discovered evidence of an ancient underwater landslide and associated tsunami in the Gulf of Aqaba, a subsidiary of the Red Sea, that should serve as a warning for many nations in the Middle East.',1,25,'<li>Sam J. Purkis, Steven N. Ward, Hannah Shernisky, Giovanni Chimienti, Arash Sharifi, Fabio Marchese, Francesca Benzoni, Mattie Rodrigue, Maureen E. Raymo, Ameer Abdulla. <strong>Tsunamigenic Potential of an Incipient Submarine Landslide in the Tiran Straits</strong>. <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, 2022; 49 (4) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097493\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1029/2021GL097493</a>\r\n</li>'),(47,'New understanding of complex catalysis advances catalyst design','new-understanding-of-complex-catalysis-advances-catalyst-design','2022-02-25 17:13:48.546937','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Many of the catalytic reactions that drive our modern world happen in an atomic black box. Scientists know all the components that go into a reaction, but not how they interact at an atomic level.</p><p>Understanding the reaction pathways and kinetics of catalytic reactions at the atomic scale is critical to designing catalysts for more energy-efficient and sustainable chemical production, especially multimaterial catalysts that have ever-changing surface structures.</p><p>In a recent paper, researchers from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), in collaboration with researchers from Stony Brook University, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, Los Angeles, Columbia University, and University of Florida, have peered into the black box to understand, for the first time, the evolving structures in a multimaterial catalyst at the atomic scale.</p><p>The research was done as part of the Integrated Mesoscale Architectures for Sustainable Catalysis (IMASC), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the Department of Energy, headquartered at Harvard. It was published in <em>Nature Communications</em>.</p><p>\"Our multipronged strategy combines reactivity measurements, machine learning-enabled spectroscopic analysis, and kinetic modeling to resolve a long-standing challenge in the field of catalysis -- how do we understand the reactive structures in complex and dynamic alloy catalysts at the atomic level,\" said Boris Kozinsky, the Thomas D. Cabot Associate Professor of Computational Materials Science at SEAS and co-corresponding author of the paper. \"This research allows us to advance catalyst design beyond the trial-and-error approach.\"</p><p>The team used a multimaterial catalyst containing small clusters of palladium atoms mixed with larger concentrations of gold atoms in particles approximately five nanometers in diameter. In these catalysts, the chemical reaction takes place on the surface of tiny islands of palladium. This class of catalyst is promising because it is highly active and selective for many chemical reactions but it\'s difficult to observe because the clusters of palladium consist of only a few atoms.</p><p>\"Three-dimensional structure and composition of the active palladium clusters cannot be determined directly by imaging because the experimental tools available to us do not provide sufficient resolution,\" said Anatoly Frenkel, professor of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering at Stony Brook and co-corresponding author of the paper. \"Instead, we trained an artificial neural network to find the attributes of such a structure, such as the number of bonds and their types, from the x-ray spectrum that is sensitive to them.\"</p><p>The researchers used x-ray spectroscopy and machine learning analysis to narrow down potential atomic structures, then used first principles calculations to model reactions based on those structures, finding the atomic structures that would result in the observed catalytic reaction.</p><p>\"We found a way to co-refine a structure model with input from experimental characterization and theoretical reaction modeling, where both riff off each other in a feedback loop,\" said Nicholas Marcella, a recent PhD from Stony Brook\'s Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, a postdoc at University of Illinois, and the first author of the paper.</p><p>\"Our multidisciplinary approach considerably narrows down the large configurational space to enable precise identification of the active site and can be applied to more complex reactions,\" said Kozinsky. \"It brings us one step closer to achieving more energy-efficient and sustainable catalytic processes for a range of applications, from manufacturing of materials to environmental protection to the pharmaceutical industry.\"</p><p>The research was co-authored by Jin Soo Lim, Anna M. P?onka, George Yan, Cameron J. Owen, Jessi E. S. van der Hoeven, Alexandre C. Foucher, Hio Tong Ngan, Steven B. Torrisi, Nebojsa S. Marinkovic, Eric A. Stach, Jason F. Weaver, Joanna Aizenberg and Philippe Sautet. It was supported in part by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award No. DE-SC0012573.</p>','2022-02-25 22:33:36.996645','uploads/news/download_16.jfif',1,'Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences','Understanding the reaction pathways and kinetics of catalytic reactions at the atomic scale is critical to designing catalysts for more energy-efficient and sustainable chemical production, especially multimaterial catalysts that have ever-changing surface structures. Researchers have now peered into the black box to understand the evolving structures in a multimaterial catalyst at the atomic scale.',1,49,'<li>Nicholas Marcella, Jin Soo Lim, Anna M. Płonka, George Yan, Cameron J. Owen, Jessi E. S. van der Hoeven, Alexandre C. Foucher, Hio Tong Ngan, Steven B. Torrisi, Nebojsa S. Marinkovic, Eric A. Stach, Jason F. Weaver, Joanna Aizenberg, Philippe Sautet, Boris Kozinsky, Anatoly I. Frenkel. <strong>Decoding reactive structures in dilute alloy catalysts</strong>. <em>Nature Communications</em>, 2022; 13 (1) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28366-w\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41467-022-28366-w</a>\r\n</li>'),(48,'More intense roasting of cocoa beans lessens bitterness, boosts chocolate liking','more-intense-roasting-of-cocoa-beans-lessens-bitterness-boosts-chocolate-liking','2022-02-25 17:12:47.326180','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Confection makers who want to develop products containing 100% chocolate and no sugar for health-conscious consumers can reduce bitterness and optimize flavor acceptance by roasting cocoa beans longer and at higher temperatures.</p><p>That\'s the conclusion of a team of researchers who conducted a new study in Penn State\'s Sensory Evaluation Center in the Department of Food Science. The study involved 27 100%-chocolate preparations made from cocoa beans roasted at various intensities and 145 people who came to the center on five consecutive days, evaluating five different samples each day.</p><p>The research confirmed that bitterness and astringency are negatively correlated to consumer liking, and demonstrated that those qualities in chocolate can be reduced through optimizing roasting, according to research team member Helene Hopfer, Rasmussen Career Development Professor in Food Science in the College of Agricultural Sciences.</p><p>\"More and more people these days are eating darker chocolates with less sugar and more cacao because they are trying to cut down on sugar intake or they want to take advantage of perceived health benefits,\" she said. \"Dark chocolate is particularly high in flavonoids, particularly a subtype called flavan-3-ols and their oligomers, which are all considered functional ingredients due to their associated health effects.\"</p><p>However, unsweetened chocolate is too bitter for most people to enjoy, so researchers experimented with roasting treatments to modify the flavor -- investigating more than basic tastes such as sour and bitter -- making it more acceptable for consumers, Hopfer explained.</p><p>For the study, research team member Alan McClure, founder of craft chocolate company Patric Chocolate and related consultancy Patric Food &amp; Beverage Development, partnered with Hopfer and Penn State to characterize the flavor and acceptability of the chocolates.</p><p>Part of his doctoral degree dissertation research, McClure chose cocoa beans from three origins -- Madagascar, Ghana and Peru, harvested in 2018 and 2019. He roasted and ground all samples into cocoa liquor at his factory in Columbia, Missouri, and then shipped the solidified 100% chocolate to Penn State, where he and Hopfer remelted and portioned out the chocolates into small discs for sensory evaluation.</p><p>McClure found the reaction of study participants to his 27 100% chocolate preparations especially interesting, and he suggested that what he learned from this research will guide him, and roasting staff at other chocolate manufacturing companies, in creating future products through an increased scientific understanding of the complex changes resulting from cocoa roasting.</p><p>In findings published in <em>Current Research in Food Science</em>, the researchers reported that more intense roasting conditions -- such as 20 minutes at 340 degrees Fahrenheit, 80 min at 275 F, and 54 min at 304 F -- all led to chocolate consumers finding unsweetened chocolate the most acceptable. Conversely, research participants did not find 100% chocolate acceptable when made from raw or lightly roasted cacao, such as beans roasted 11 minutes at 221 F, or 55 minutes at 147 F.</p><p>Hopfer noted that scientists\' understanding of the variation of cacao-related bitterness has historically come from instrumental investigation of the bitter compounds found in cocoa beans, but the Penn State research is novel because of its use of human sensory evaluation to quantify such variation.</p><p>\"Our research was intended to learn about bitterness perception and the liking of chocolate made from cacao roasted with a variety of roasting profiles to see if wide consumer acceptability of 100% chocolate is possible,\" she said. \"A chocolate maker doesn\'t have many other options to influence the flavor quality of 100% chocolate except to vary how he or she roasts the beans, and our results show optimal roasting can adequately reduce bitterness.\"</p><p>Ingolf Gruen, associate professor in the Department of Food Science, University of Missouri, contributed to the research.</p><p>A grant from the Professional Manufacturing Confectioners Association and the U.S. Department of Agriculture\'s National Institute of Food and Agriculture supported this work.</p>','2022-02-25 22:33:52.415654','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Penn State','Confection makers who want to develop products containing 100% chocolate and no sugar for health-conscious consumers can reduce bitterness and optimize flavor acceptance by roasting cocoa beans longer and at higher temperatures.',1,48,'<li>Alan P. McClure, Helene Hopfer, Ingolf U. Grün. <strong>Optimizing consumer acceptability of 100% chocolate through roasting treatments and effects on bitterness and other important sensory characteristics</strong>. <em>Current Research in Food Science</em>, 2022; 5: 167 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2022.01.005\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016/j.crfs.2022.01.005</a>\r\n</li>'),(49,'New research on nanoelectronics','new-research-on-nanoelectronics','2022-02-25 17:16:53.143521','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Proteins are among the most versatile and ubiquitous biomolecules on earth. Nature uses them for everything from building tissues to regulating metabolism to defending the body against disease.</p><p>Now, a new study shows that proteins have other, largely unexplored capabilities. Under the right conditions, they can act as tiny, current-carrying wires, useful for a range human-designed nanoelectronics.</p><p>In new research appearing in the journal <em>ACS Nano,</em> Stuart Lindsay and his colleagues show that certain proteins can act as efficient electrical conductors. In fact, these tiny protein wires may have better conductance properties than similar nanowires composed of DNA, which have already met with considerable success for a host of human applications.</p><p>Professor Lindsay directs the Biodesign Center for Single-Molecule Biophysics. He is also professor with ASU\'s Department of Physics and the School of Molecular Sciences.</p><p>Just as in the case of DNA, proteins offer many attractive properties for nanoscale electronics including stability, tunable conductance and vast information storage capacity. Although proteins had traditionally been regarded as poor conductors of electricity, all that recently changed when Lindsay and his colleagues demonstrated that a protein poised between a pair of electrodes could act as an efficient conductor of electrons.</p><p>The new research examines the phenomenon of electron transport through proteins in greater detail. The study results establish that over long distances, protein nanowires display better conductance properties than chemically-synthesized nanowires specifically designed to be conductors. In addition, proteins are self-organizing and allow for atomic-scale control of their constituent parts.</p><p>Synthetically designed protein nanowires could give rise to new ultra-tiny electronics, with potential applications for medical sensing and diagnostics, nanorobots to carry out search and destroy missions against diseases or in a new breed of ultra-tiny computer transistors. Lindsay is particularly interested in the potential of protein nanowires for use in new devices to carry out ultra-fast DNA and protein sequencing, an area in which he has already made significant strides.</p><p>In addition to their role in nanoelectronic devices, charge transport reactions are crucial in living systems for processes including respiration, metabolism and photosynthesis. Hence, research into transport properties through designed proteins may shed new light on how such processes operate within living organisms.</p><p>While proteins have many of the benefits of DNA for nanoelectronics in terms of electrical conductance and self-assembly, the expanded alphabet of 20 amino acids used to construct them offers an enhanced toolkit for nanoarchitects like Lindsay, when compared with just four nucleotides making up DNA.</p><p><strong>Transit Authority</strong></p><p>Though electron transport has been a focus of considerable research, the nature of the flow of electrons through proteins has remained something of a mystery. Broadly speaking, the process can occur through electron tunneling, a quantum effect occurring over very short distances or through the hopping of electrons along a peptide chain -- in the case of proteins, a chain of amino acids.</p><p>One objective of the study was to determine which of these regimes seemed to be operating by making quantitative measurements of electrical conductance over different lengths of protein nanowire. The study also describes a mathematical model that can be used to calculate the molecular-electronic properties of proteins.</p><p>For the experiments, the researchers used protein segments in four nanometer increments, ranging from 4-20 nanometers in length. A gene was designed to produce these amino acid sequences from a DNA template, with the protein lengths then bonded together into longer molecules. A highly sensitive instrument known as a scanning tunneling microscope was used to make precise measurements of conductance as electron transport progressed through the protein nanowire.</p><p>The data show that conductance decreases over nanowire length in a manner consistent with hopping rather than tunneling behavior of the electrons. Specific aromatic amino acid residues, (six tyrosines and one tryptophan in each corkscrew twist of the protein), help guide the electrons along their path from point to point like successive stations along a train route. \"The electron transport is sort of like skipping stone across water -- the stone hasn\'t got time to sink on each skip,\" Lindsay says.</p><p><strong>Wire wonders</strong></p><p>While the conductance values of the protein nanowires decreased over distance, they did so more gradually than with conventional molecular wires specifically designed to be efficient conductors.</p><p>When the protein nanowires exceeded six nanometers in length, their conductance outperformed molecular nanowires, opening the door to their use in many new applications. The fact that they can be subtly designed and altered with atomic scale control and self-assembled from a gene template permits fine-tuned manipulations that far exceed what can currently be achieved with conventional transistor design.</p><p>One exciting possibility is using such protein nanowires to connect other components in a new suite of nanomachines. For example, nanowires could be used to connect an enzyme known as a DNA polymerase to electrodes, resulting in a device that could potentially sequence an entire human genome at low cost in under an hour. A similar approach could allow the integration of proteosomes into nanoelectronic devices able to read amino acids for protein sequencing.</p><p>\"We are beginning now to understand the electron transport in these proteins. Once you have quantitative calculations, not only do you have great molecular electronic components, but you have a recipe for designing them,\" Lindsay says. \"If you think of the SPICE program that electrical engineers use to design circuits, there\'s a glimmer now that you could get this for protein electronics.\"</p>','2022-02-25 22:45:40.397627','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Arizona State University','Researchers show that certain proteins can act as efficient electrical conductors. In fact, these tiny protein wires may have better conductance properties than similar nanowires composed of DNA, which have already met with considerable success for a host of human applications.',1,50,'<li>Bintian Zhang, Eathen Ryan, Xu Wang, Weisi Song, Stuart Lindsay. <strong>Electronic Transport in Molecular Wires of Precisely Controlled Length Built from Modular Proteins</strong>. <em>ACS Nano</em>, 2022; 16 (1): 1671 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c10830\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021/acsnano.1c10830</a>\r\n</li>'),(50,'The gatekeeper of the protein factory','the-gatekeeper-of-the-protein-factory','2022-02-25 17:19:17.945424','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">For the maintenance of our cellular functions, it is essential that proteins are transported to various destinations within the cell -- referred to as \"cell organelles\" in analogy to the organs of our body -- while they are still being synthesized. But how is it possible to distinguish between different transport destinations and prevent proteins from reaching the wrong organelles? An international research team has now discovered how this complex process is controlled at the molecular level for an important cellular destination -- the transport of nascent proteins to a membrane network of the cell, the endoplasmic reticulum.</p><p>In their current publication in the journal <em>Science</em>, the researchers were able to show that a protein complex known among experts as NAC, which was discovered more than 25 years ago, plays a decisive role in this process: Like a gatekeeper, NAC ensures that only proteins with the endoplasmic reticulum as destination are passed on to the protein transporter SRP (signal recognition particle). SRP then mediates the transport of the \"cargo\" to the specified destination. If, on the other hand, a nascent protein has a destination other than the endoplasmic reticulum, the gatekeeper NAC denies access to the protein transporter SRP.</p><p><strong>Protein factory</strong></p><p>Using the genetic material as a blueprint, thousands and thousands of new proteins are produced every minute in the cells of our body. This protein production takes place in the ribosomes, the cellular \"factories\" of our bodies, where individual amino acids -- the building blocks of proteins -- are assembled into long amino acid chains. The resulting proteins can later take on a wide variety of functions and accordingly have different destinations within the cell. Suitable sorting mechanisms therefore often already ensure during protein production that the proteins reliably reach their respective location within the cell.</p><p>Until now, it was known that two protein complexes, the aforementioned NAC and SRP, play an important role in the targeted transport of nascent proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. SRP is the actual \"transport protein\" that establishes the contact of the nascent proteins together with the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum. It recognizes a specific transport signal that is encoded in the newly synthesized protein. However, there is a problem: SRP also binds non-specifically to ribosomes that have no signal for the endoplasmic reticulum.</p><p>\"Uncontrolled, SRP would bind to any ribosome close by and then transport it to the endoplasmic reticulum, regardless of whether or not a protein with that destination is currently being produced. This would result in countless misdeliveries that would severely impair the function and viability of the cell,\" explains Elke Deuerling, one of the senior authors of the current study and Professor of Molecular Microbiology at the University of Konstanz. So the researchers conclude that there is a control instance that prevents exactly that: the gatekeeper NAC.</p><p><strong>Tracking down the molecular mechanism</strong></p><p>How exactly NAC prevents SRP from binding non-specifically to any ribosome at the molecular level and instead ensures that only the correct ribosomes are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum was previously unclear. The biologists from Konstanz investigated this question in their current study in collaboration with colleagues from ETH Zurich (Switzerland), MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB, Cambridge, UK) and the California Institutes of Technology (Caltech, Pasadena, USA).</p><p>To do this, they first simulated the processes in the cell by mixing purified ribosomes together with NAC and SRP in the test tube. The mixture was then snap-frozen at below -150°C and the sample examined under an electron microscope -- a method known as cryoelectron microscopy. This allowed structural biologists Dr Ahmad Jomaa and Dr Viswanathan Chandrasekaran, co-authors of the study, to reveal how NAC binds to ribosomes before and after cargo transfer to SRP. This was an important cornerstone in elucidating the gatekeeper mechanism, but the transition between the states remained unclear.</p><p>\"The transition is a highly dynamic process that cannot be visualized by cryoelectron microscopy,\" explains Dr Martin Gamerdinger, one of the lead authors from the University of Konstanz. To understand this process, he and his team, doctoral researchers Annalena Wallisch and Zeynel Ulusoy, conducted high-resolution biochemical binding studies that revealed in detail the interaction mechanism of NAC on ribosomes depending on the type of protein synthesized.</p><p><strong>NAC as a gatekeeper</strong></p><p>Using this method and computer-assisted reconstruction of the 3D structures, as well as experiments by Dr Hao-Hsuan Hsieh on the binding strength between the components involved, the researchers succeeded in deciphering how NAC works at the molecular level. Based on their results, they were able to suggest a detailed molecular mechanism for NAC\'s sorting function.</p><p>According to this, NAC binds to the ribosome, specifically to the section where the nascent protein leaves the \"protein factory.\" Like a gatekeeper, part of NAC sits protectively in front of this exit, the ribosomal tunnel, and denies SRP access to the ribosome and the nascent protein. Access is only granted when a transport signal sequence for the endoplasmic reticulum -- encoded in the nascent protein -- leaves the tunnel in the course of the protein synthesis. NAC recognizes this signal and changes its position on the ribosome. This way, the exit of the ribosomal tunnel becomes unblocked and SRP can now dock to the tunnel exit after being actively recruited to the ribosome via a \"grabbing arm\" of NAC, i.e. the UBA domain. After SRP binding and signal sequence transfer, the ribosome together with the nascent protein is transported to the endoplasmic reticulum.</p><p>\"Our study reveals the molecular function of NAC as a gatekeeper, granting SRP only access for those nascent proteins whose destination is the endoplasmic reticulum,\" Professor Elke Deuerling summarizes this fundamental control mechanism. She agrees with her international cooperation partners Professor Nenad Ban (ETH Zurich, Switzerland), Professor Shu-ou Shan (Caltech, USA) and Professor Ramanujan Hegde (MRC-LMB, UK): \"Future studies will have to show whether NAC also has other control functions at the ribosomal tunnel.\"</p>','2022-02-25 22:47:50.453837','uploads/news/download_18.jfif',1,'University of Konstanz','Researchers solve the more than 25-year-old puzzle of how proteins are sorted in the cell. A protein complex known as NAC (nascent polypeptide-associated complex) serves as a \'gatekeeper\' in protein synthesis, regulating the transport of proteins within the cell. The molecular mechanism behind this function has now been elucidated by cell and molecular biologists.',1,51,'<li>Ahmad Jomaa, Martin Gamerdinger, Hao-Hsuan Hsieh, Annalena Wallisch, Viswanathan Chandrasekaran, Zeynel Ulusoy, Alain Scaiola, Ramanujan S. Hegde, Shu-ou Shan, Nenad Ban, Elke Deuerling. <strong>Mechanism of signal sequence handover from NAC to SRP on ribosomes during ER-protein targeting</strong>. <em>Science</em>, 2022; 375 (6583): 839 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abl6459\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1126/science.abl6459</a>\r\n</li>'),(53,'The protective armor of superbug C.difficile revealed','the-protective-armor-of-superbug-cdifficile-revealed','2022-02-25 18:17:46.054913','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">The spectacular structure of the protective armour of superbug <em>C.difficile </em>has been revealedfor the first time showing the close-knit yet flexible outer layer -- like chain mail.</p><p>This assembly prevents molecules getting in and provides a new target for future treatments, according to the scientists who have uncovered it.</p><p>Publishing in<em> Nature Communications</em>, the team of scientists from Newcastle, Sheffield and Glasgow Universities together with colleagues from Imperial College and Diamond Light Source, outline the structure of the main protein, SlpA, that forms the links of the chain mail and how they are arranged to form a pattern and create this flexible armour. This opens the possibility of designing <em>C. diff</em> specific drugs to break the protective layer and create holes to allow molecules to enter and kill the cell.</p><p><strong>Protective armour</strong></p><p>One of the many ways that diarrhea-causing superbug <em>Clostridioides difficile</em> has to protect itself from antibiotics is a special layer that covers the cell of the whole bacteria -- the surface layer or S-layer. This flexible armour protects against the entry of drugs or molecules released by our immune system to fight bacteria.</p><p>The team determined the structure of the proteins and how they arranged using a combination of X-ray and electron crystallography.</p><p>Corresponding author Dr Paula Salgado,Senior Lecturer in Macromolecular Crystallography who led the research at Newcastle University said: \"I started working on this structure more than 10 years ago, it\'s been a long, hard journey but we got some really exciting results! Surprisingly, we found that the protein forming the outer layer, SlpA, packs very tightly, with very narrow openings that allow very few molecules to enter the cells. S-layer from other bacteria studied so far tend to have wider gaps, allowing bigger molecules to penetrate. This may explain the success of <em>C.diff</em> at defending itself against the antibiotics and immune system molecules sent to attack it.</p><p>\"Excitingly, it also opens the possibility of developing drugs that target the interactions that make up the chain mail. If we break these, we can create holes that allow drugs and immune system molecules to enter the cell and kill it.\"</p><p>One of the current challenges in our fight against infections is the growing ability bacteria have to resist the antibiotics that we use to try to kill them. Antibiotic or more generally, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), was declared by WHO as one of the top 10 global public health threats facing humanity.</p><p>Different bacteria have different mechanisms to resist antibiotics and some have multiple ways to avoid their action -- the so-called superbugs. Included in these superbugs is <em>C. diff</em>, a bacteria that infects the human gut and is resistant to all but three current drugs. Not only that, it actually becomes a problem when we take antibiotics, as the good bacteria in the gut are killed alongside those causing an infection and, as <em>C. diff</em> is resistant, it can grow and cause diseases ranging from diarrhea to death due to massive lesions in the gut. Another problem is the fact that the only way to treat <em>C.diff</em> is to take antibiotics, so we restart the cycle and many people get recurrent infections.</p><p>Determining the structure allows the possibility of designing <em>C. diff</em>-specific drugs to break the S-layer, the chainmail, and create holes to allow molecules to enter and kill the cell.</p><p>Colleagues, Dr Rob Fagan and Professor Per Bullough at the University of Sheffield carried out the electron crystallography work.</p><p>Dr Fagan said: \"We\'re now looking at how our findings could be used to find new ways to treat <em>C. diff</em> infections such as using bacteriophages to attach to and kill <em>C. diff</em> cells -- a promising potential alternative to traditional antibiotic drugs.\"</p><p>From Dr Salgado\'s team at Newcastle University, PhD student Paola Lanzoni-Mangutchi and Dr Anna Barwinska-Sendra unravelled the structural and functional details of the building blocks and determined the overall X-ray crystal structure of SlpA. Paola said: \"This has been a challenging project and we spent many hours together, culturing the <em>diff</em>icult bug and collecting X-ray data at the Diamond Light Source synchrotron.\"</p><p>Dr Barwinska-Sendra added: \"Working together was key to our success, it is very exciting to be part of this team and to be able to finally share our work.\"</p><p>The work is illustrated in the stunning image by Newcastle-based science Artist and Science Communicator, Dr. Lizah van der Aart.</p>','2022-02-25 23:44:00.940014','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Newcastle University','The close-knit, flexible outer layer - like chain mail - which protects superbug C.difficile has been unveiled.',1,52,'<li>Paola Lanzoni-Mangutchi, Oishik Banerji, Jason Wilson, Anna Barwinska-Sendra, Joseph A. Kirk, Filipa Vaz, Shauna O’Beirne, Arnaud Baslé, Kamel El Omari, Armin Wagner, Neil F. Fairweather, Gillian R. Douce, Per A. Bullough, Robert P. Fagan, Paula S. Salgado. <strong>Structure and assembly of the S-layer in C. difficile</strong>. <em>Nature Communications</em>, 2022; 13 (1) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28196-w\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41467-022-28196-w</a>\r\n</li>'),(54,'Faster, more efficient living cell separation achieved with new microfluidic chip','faster-more-efficient-living-cell-separation-achieved-with-new-microfluidic-chip','2022-02-25 18:19:25.474148','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">A Japanese research team created a new way to sort living cells suspended in fluid using an all-in-one operation in a lab-on-chip that required only 30 minutes for the entire separation process. This device eliminated the need for labor-intensive sample pretreatment and chemical tagging techniques while preserving the original structure of the cells. They constructed a prototype of a microfluidic chip that uses electric fields to gently coax cells in one direction or another in dielectrophoresis, a phenomenon or movement of neutral particles when they are subjected to an external non-uniform electric field.</p><p>The Hiroshima University Office of Academic Research and Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, led by Professor Fumito Maruyama, published their findings on January 14 in <em>iScience</em>.</p><p>Dielectrophoresis induces the motion of suspended particles, such as cells, by applying a non-uniform electric field. Since the strength of dielectrophoretic force depends on the size of the cell and its dielectric properties, this technique can be used to selectively separate cells based on these differences. In this paper, Maruyama and his team introduced the separation of two types of eukaryotic cells with the developed microfluidic chip that used dielectrophoresis.</p><p>Dielectrophoresis could be particularly useful in separating living cells for medical research applications and the medical industry. Its most significant advantage over other methods is its simplicity.</p><p>\"In conventional cell separation methods such as commercially available cell sorters, cells are generally labeled with markers such as fluorescent substances or antibodies, and cells cannot be maintained in their original physical state,\" Maruyama said. \"Therefore, separating differently sized cells using microfluidic channels and dielectrophoresis has been studied as a potentially great method for separating cells without labeling.\"</p><p>Maruyama noted, \"Dielectrophoresis cannot entirely replace existing separation methods such as centrifuge and polyester mesh filters. However, it opens the door to faster cell separation that may be useful in certain research and industrial areas, such as the preparation of cells for therapeutics, platelets, and cancer-fighting T-cells come to mind.\"</p><p>Other common medical industry uses of cell separation include removing unwanted bacteria cells from donated blood and separating stem cells and their derivatives, which are crucial for developing stem cell therapies.</p><p>\"If enrichment of a certain cell type from a solution of two or more cell types is needed, our dielectrophoresis-based system is an excellent option as it can simply enable a continuous pass-through of a large number of cells. The enriched cells are then easily collected from an outlet port,\" Maruyama added.</p><p>The process outlined by Maruyama and his colleagues was all-in-one.</p><p>\"The device eliminated sample pretreatment and established cell separation by all-in-one operation in a lab-on-chip, requiring only a small volume (0.5-1 mL) to enumerate the target cells and completing the entire separation process within 30 minutes. Such a rapid cell separation technique is in high demand by many researchers to promptly characterize the target cells,\" he said.</p><p>\"Future research may examine refinements, allowing us to use dielectrophoresis to target certain cell types with greater specificity.\"</p>','2022-02-25 23:44:09.875634','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Hiroshima University','A research team created a new way to sort living cells suspended in fluid using an all-in-one operation in a lab-on-chip that required only 30 minutes for the entire separation process. This device eliminated the need for labor-intensive sample pre-treatment and chemical tagging techniques while preserving the original structure of the cells. They constructed a prototype of a microfluidic chip that uses electric fields to gently coax cells in one direction or another in dielectrophoresis, a phenomenon or movement of neutral particles when they are subjected to an external non-uniform electric field.',1,53,'<li>Kyoichi Oshiro, Yoshikazu Wakizaka, Masayo Takano, Takayuki Itoi, Hiroki Ohge, Kazumi Koba, Kyoko Yarimizu, So Fujiyoshi, Fumito Maruyama. <strong>Fabrication of a new all-in-one microfluidic dielectrophoresis integrated chip and living cell separation</strong>. <em>iScience</em>, 2022; 25 (2): 103776 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.103776\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016/j.isci.2022.103776</a>\r\n</li>'),(55,'Immune cells forget (cell) culture shock','immune-cells-forget-cell-culture-shock','2022-02-25 18:35:15.190097','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Macrophages are immune cells crucial for immune response, tissue repair, and the removal of cancer cells. Scientists see macrophages as promising living therapeutics. However, to be effectively used for therapies, macrophages have to be grown to large numbers in laboratory culture without losing their special functions. So far, it was unclear if this is even possible. A team of scientists from Dresden and Marseille now reports that macrophages grown for long periods in laboratory conditions can function normally when transferred back into the body and are indistinguishable from the cells that never left the tissue. The results pave the way to new macrophage-based cell therapies. The study was published in the journal <em>Nature Immunology</em> on February 24, 2022.</p><p>Macrophages are immune cells that are present in all organs of our body. They act as tissue guardians, nurturing other cells and removing detrimental substances such as bacteria, cellular debris, and even tumor cells. Therefore macrophages have been on the scientists\' radar as potential new living drugs to heal damaged organs, fight infections, and combat cancer. However, to achieve this cells must be grown outside of the body to large numbers. So far, this has been difficult for macrophages. On top of it, there were serious doubts that laboratory conditions might make them lose their special abilities.</p><p>Multiplying cells in the laboratory, so-called cell culture, is a common technique that over the years allowed enormous progress in biology and medicine. Nevertheless, cells grown in the lab are removed from their natural environment and the physical signals that appear essential to their function. Cells are grown on plastic culture dishes and bathed in artificial nutrient solutions. They have to adapt to these new conditions -- a real culture shock. \"We wanted to know exactly how the cells change in prolonged cell culture and whether these changes are permanent or not,\" says Prof. Michael Sieweke, Humboldt Professor at the TU Dresden.</p><p><strong>The Cell Culture Shock</strong></p><p>Prof. Sieweke\'s team at the Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD) at TU Dresden and the Center of Immunology of Marseille Luminy (CNRS, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University) studied mouse lung macrophages, immune cells that naturally live in the air sacs of the lung. The team managed to grow the cells under laboratory conditions over several months and to large numbers. Although their looks and general characteristics were not affected, when examined more closely, it became clear that the cells had actually acquired many changes to adapt to the new environment.</p><p>\"Every cell in our body has the same set of genes, but the cells differ in which genes are turned on and which are kept off. One can think of it as the molecular fingerprint of the cell -- a unique combination of turned-on genes that distinguish, e.g., a lung macrophage from an intestine macrophage and a brain cell,\" says Sethuraman Subramanian, one of the authors of the study. The scientists have compared the gene pattern in the cells cultured in the laboratory with their counterparts from the lung, and have seen substantial differences. \"This was to be expected. Living on a plastic surface and having all the nutrients readily available is quite different from natural conditions. The cells had to get used to it and did so by changing the status of more than 3,000 genes. The question that truly interested us was whether these changes can be reversed,\" explains Prof. Sieweke.</p><p><strong>Forgetting the Culture</strong></p><p>The team transferred the macrophages cultured in the lab back into their natural location in the mouse lungs. Detailed comparisons showed that the cells grown in the laboratory were indistinguishable from their equivalents who never left the lung. \"We were surprised to see that the substantial adaptations that the macrophages made to live in the laboratory have proven to be completely reversible. The lab-cultured macrophages had forgotten about the time they spent in the lab and fully assumed their normal function and status in the lung, oblivious of their previous culture shock,\" says Clara Busch, one of the authors of the study.</p><p><strong>Cell Therapies of the Future</strong></p><p>Although the research was performed in mice, it has very promising implications for human therapies. The ability to shuttle the macrophages between the cell culture and their natural environment shows great potential for future macrophage-based cell therapies. The lung macrophages could be multiplied in the laboratory and experimentally tailored for battling a specific disease before being delivered to the patient\'s lungs where they can immediately start to perform their function. Such a setup could be used to treat cancer, fibrotic disease, or infections similar to COVID-19 in the lung and eventually in other organs.</p><p>\"This study started long before the beginning of the pandemic but demonstrates again that fundamental research can serve as a source of future therapeutic applications,\" concludes Prof. Sieweke.</p>','2022-02-25 23:52:26.752854','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Technische Universität Dresden','A recent study shows that certain immune cells can restore their normal functions when introduced back into the body, even after being multiplied in the laboratory to large numbers -- the results pave the way to new cell therapies.',1,41,'<li>Sethuraman Subramanian, Clara Jana-Lui Busch, Kaaweh Molawi, Laufey Geirsdottir, Julien Maurizio, Stephanie Vargas Aguilar, Hassiba Belahbib, Gregory Gimenez, Ridzky Anis Advent Yuda, Michaela Burkon, Jérémy Favret, Sara Gholamhosseinian Najjar, Bérengère de Laval, Prashanth Kumar Kandalla, Sandrine Sarrazin, Lena Alexopoulou, Michael H. Sieweke. <strong>Long-term culture-expanded alveolar macrophages restore their full epigenetic identity after transfer in vivo</strong>. <em>Nature Immunology</em>, 2022; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41590-022-01146-w\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41590-022-01146-w</a>\r\n</li>'),(56,'Machine learning helps to identify climatic thresholds that shape the distribution of natural vegetation','machine-learning-helps-to-identify-climatic-thresholds-that-shape-the-distribution-of-natural-vegetation','2022-02-25 18:35:43.290629','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Changing climate brings more frequent and more intense climatic extreme events. It is unclear, however, exactly how climate extremes will affect vegetation distribution in the future. This is an acute question for research in order to be able to mitigate coming extremities and their impact on vegetation.</p><p>A study published in <em>Global Change Biology</em> explores large-scale relationships between vegetation and climatic characteristics using machine learning. It demonstrates that combining climate and remotely-sensed land cover data with tree-structured predictive models called decision trees can effectively extract the climatic thresholds involved in structuring the distribution of dominant vegetation at various spatial scales.</p><p>The findings of this study highlight the importance of climatic extremes in shaping the distribution of several major vegetation types. For example, drought or extreme cold are essential for the dominance of savanna and deciduous needleleaf forest.</p><p>\"One of the most important questions left to answer in the further research is whether the climate thresholds recognized in this study are static or changing with the climate changes in the future,\" says researcher Hui Tang from the department of Geosciences of the University of Oslo.</p><p><strong>Collaboration between machine learning and vegetation experts</strong></p><p>Predicting future vegetation distribution in response to climate change is a challenging task which requires a detailed understanding of how vegetation distribution on a large scale is linked to climate. The research team consisting of computer scientists, vegetation modellers and vegetation specialists examine the rules coming from the decision tree models to see if they are informative and if they can provide any additional insights that could be incorporated into mechanistic vegetation models.</p><p>\"It is a difficult task to validate whether a data-based model is informative and robust. This study highlights the importance of interpretable models that allow such meaningful collaboration with the domain experts,\" says doctoral researcher Rita Beigait? from the department of computer science of University of Helsinki.</p><p>\"The major climatic constraints recognized in the study will be valuable for improving process-based vegetation models and its coupling with the Earth System Models,\" says Hui Tang.</p>','2022-02-25 23:52:30.112570','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'University of Helsinki','A new study explores large-scale relationships between vegetation and climatic characteristics using machine learning. The findings highlight the importance of climatic extremes in shaping the distribution of several major vegetation types.',1,34,'<li>Rita Beigaitė, Hui Tang, Anders Bryn, Olav Skarpaas, Frode Stordal, Jarle W. Bjerke, Indrė Žliobaitė. <strong>Identifying climate thresholds for dominant natural vegetation types at the global scale using machine learning: Average climate versus extremes</strong>. <em>Global Change Biology</em>, 2022; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16110\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111/gcb.16110</a>\r\n</li>'),(57,'The largest population of a rare, protected orchid found in a military base in Corsica','the-largest-population-of-a-rare-protected-orchid-found-in-a-military-base-in-corsica','2022-02-25 18:36:54.627838','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">In Corsica, away from the eyes of locals and tourists, hides a population of unprecedented proportions of a rare and protected orchid: the neglected Serapias (<em>Serapias</em> <em>neglecta</em>). In a closed military base in the east of the island, researchers discovered 155,000 individuals of the plant.</p><p>Globally, this orchid can only be found in the south of France (including Corsica), Italy, and along the east coast of the Adriatic, but none of its known populations has been as abundant as the one documented in Solenzara.</p><p>Margaux Julien, Dr Bertrand Schatz, Simon Contant, and Gérard Filippi, researchers from the Center of Functional Ecology and Evolution (CEFE) and Ecotonia consultancy,came across this population while studying plant diversity in the Solenzara air base. Their research, published in <em>Biodiversity Data Journal</em>, documented impressive plant richness, including 12 other orchid species.</p><p>The maintenance of the closed military area turned out to be really favourable to the development of orchids. The flower was abundant around the edges of runways and on lawns near military buildings.</p><p>\"?ilitary bases are important areas for biodiversity because they are closed to the public, are not heavily impacted and these areas have soils that are often poorly fertilised and untreated due to old installations, so they often have high biodiversity,\" the researchers say in their study.</p><p>The meadows around the airport are regularly mowed for security reasons, which allows orchids to thrive in a low vegetation environment with little competition. In addition, the history of the land with its position on the old Travo river bed favours low vegetation, providing rocky ground just a few centimetres beneath the soil.</p><p>\"The case of <em>S. neglecta</em> is particularly remarkable, because this species benefits from a national protection status and it is a sub-endemic species with a very localised distribution worldwide,\" the research team writes. Moreover, the species is classified as near threatened in the World and European Red Lists of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.</p><p>The Ecotonia consultancy also did several inventories on the air base, finding biodiversity of rare richness: 552 species of plants, including 19 with protected status in France. Within only 550 ha, they found 23% of the plant species distributed in Corsica. Among these are some very rare plants, as well as endangered species such as the gratiole (<em>Gratiola officinalis</em>) and <em>Anthemis arvensis</em> subsp. <em>incrassate</em>, a subspecies of the corn chamomile.</p><p>The Solenzara military base hides rich floristic diversity thanks to its history, management, and the lack of public access. While the Corsican coastline is suffering from urbanisation, this sector is a testament to the local flora, featuring several species with conservation status.</p><p>The protection of this richness is crucial. \"If logistical developments are carried out on this base, they will have to favour the conservation of this exceptional floristic biodiversity, and, in particular of this particularly abundant orchid. Military bases are a great opportunity for the conservation of species and would benefit from enhancing their natural heritage,\" the researchers conclude.</p><p><strong>Story Source:</strong></p>','2022-02-25 23:52:40.936193','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Pensoft Publishers','The neglected Serapias, a rare orchid, has been found in a Corsican military base in very large numbers: more than 155,000 individuals! No comparable population is known anywhere in the world. A total of 552 plant species were discovered in an area of just 550 hectares, including 19 protected in France. This rich biodiversity confers a patrimonial responsibility on this military base.',1,54,'<li>Margaux Julien, Bertrand Schatz, Simon Contant, Gérard Filippi. <strong>Flora richness of a military area: discovery of a remarkable station of Serapias neglecta in Corsica</strong>. <em>Biodiversity Data Journal</em>, 2022; 10 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76375\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.3897/BDJ.10.e76375</a>\r\n</li>'),(58,'Higher levels of biodiversity appear to reduce extinction risk in birds','higher-levels-of-biodiversity-appear-to-reduce-extinction-risk-in-birds','2022-02-25 18:37:46.383775','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">A new University of Michigan study has found that higher levels of biodiversity -- the enormous variety of life on Earth and the species, traits and evolutionary history they represent -- appear to reduce extinction risk in birds.</p><p>Prior research has established that biodiversity is associated with predictable outcomes in the short term: diverse systems are less prone to invasion, have more stable productivity, and can be more disease resistant.</p><p>The new study, published online Feb. 24 in <em>Ecology Letters </em>and led by evolutionary biologist and ornithologist Brian Weeks of the U-M School for Environment and Sustainability, has revealed yet another positive outcome in potentially reduced extinction rates.</p><p>The study utilized a new dataset collected by researchers using natural history museum specimens that covers more than 99% of all species of birds in the world. While the practice of using natural history museum specimens is common, this is the first time that there has been a comprehensive dataset of the functional traits of all birds.</p><p>The researchers used the data to measure the diversity of birds around the world, including the species found in a community, their evolutionary relationships and their functional traits. They then used structural equation modeling to characterize the relationship between diversity and extinction risk.</p><p>According to the study, diversity is associated with lower levels of contemporary extinction risk in birds. The study attributes this to diverse communities providing a safe harbor for species that are at risk of extinction. Attributes of species (e.g., large body size, poor dispersal ability or small range size) can make them more likely to go extinct. However, it appears that the benefits afforded by living in a diverse community protect these extinction-prone species, allowing more of them to persist.</p><p>The findings reveal the importance of protecting diversity, according to the authors.</p><p>\"While we know that biodiversity impacts the functioning of ecosystems in predictable ways, it is less clear how these biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships impact extinction risk across longer timescales,\" Weeks said. \"Our findings suggest that the conservation of biodiversity is not only a goal of conservation but is also likely a necessary component to effective conservation interventions.\"</p><p>The researchers also concluded that the maintenance of biodiverse communities could be a more cost-effective approach to preventing extinction since single-species conservation interventions are expensive.</p><p>The study\'s other authors are Shahid Naeem of Columbia University, Jesse Lasky of Pennsylvania State University and Joseph Tobias of Imperial College London. Bird trait data collection was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council.</p>','2022-02-25 23:52:47.534524','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'University of Michigan','A new study has found that higher levels of biodiversity -- the enormous variety of life on Earth and the species, traits and evolutionary history they represent -- appear to reduce extinction risk in birds.',1,55,'<li>Brian C. Weeks, Shahid Naeem, Jesse R. Lasky, Joseph A. Tobias. <strong>Diversity and extinction risk are inversely related at a global scale</strong>. <em>Ecology Letters</em>, 2022; 25 (3): 697 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.13860\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1111/ele.13860</a>\r\n</li>'),(59,'Death spiral: A black hole spins on its side','death-spiral-a-black-hole-spins-on-its-side','2022-02-25 18:44:13.598929','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Researchers from the University of Turku, Finland, found that the axis of rotation of a black hole in a binary system is tilted more than 40 degrees relative to the axis of stellar orbit. The finding challenges current theoretical models of black hole formation.</p><p>The observation by the researchers from Tuorla Observatory in Finland is the first reliable measurement that shows a large difference between the axis of rotation of a black hole and the axis of a binary system orbit. The difference between the axes measured by the researchers in a binary star system called MAXI J1820+070 was more than 40 degrees.</p><p>Often for the space systems with smaller objects orbiting around the central massive body, the own rotation axis of this body is to a high degree aligned with the rotation axis of its satellites. This is true also for our solar system: the planets orbit around the Sun in a plane, which roughly coincides with the equatorial plane of the Sun. The inclination of the Sun rotation axis with respect to orbital axis of the Earth is only seven degrees.</p><p>\"The expectation of alignment, to a large degree, does not hold for the bizarre objects such as black hole X-ray binaries. The black holes in these systems were formed as a result of a cosmic cataclysm -- the collapse of a massive star. Now we see the black hole dragging matter from the nearby, lighter companion star orbiting around it. We see bright optical and X-ray radiation as the last sigh of the infalling material, and also radio emission from the relativistic jets expelled from the system,\" says <strong>Juri Poutanen</strong>, Professor of Astronomy at the University of Turku and the lead author of the publication.</p><p>By following these jets, the researchers were able to determine the direction of the axis of rotation of the black hole very accurately. As the amount of gas falling from the companion star to the black hole later began to decrease, the system dimmed, and much of the light in the system came from the companion star. In this way, the researchers were able to measure the orbit inclination using spectroscopic techniques, and it happened to nearly coincide with the inclination of the ejections.</p><p>\"To determine the 3D orientation of the orbit, one additionally needs to know the position angle of the system on the sky, meaning how the system is turned with respect to the direction to the North on the sky. This was measured using polarimetric techniques,\" says Juri Poutanen.</p><p>The results published in the <em>Science</em> magazine open interesting prospects towards studies of black hole formation and evolution of such systems, as such extreme misalignment is hard to get in many black hole formation and binary evolution scenarios.</p><p>\"The difference of more than 40 degrees between the orbital axis and the black hole spin was completely unexpected. Scientists have often assumed this difference to be very small when they have modeled the behavior of matter in a curved time space around a black hole. The current models are already really complex, and now the new findings force us to add a new dimension to them,\" Poutanen states.</p><p>The key finding was made using the in-house built polarimetric instrument DIPol-UF mounted at the Nordic Optical Telescope, which is owned by the University of Turku jointly with the Aarhus University in Denmark.</p>','2022-02-26 00:12:07.155489','uploads/news/download_19.jfif',1,'University of Turku','Researchers found that the axis of rotation of a black hole in a binary system is tilted more than 40 degrees relative to the axis of stellar orbit. The finding challenges current theoretical models of black hole formation.',1,56,'<li>Juri Poutanen, Alexandra Veledina, Andrei V. Berdyugin, Svetlana V. Berdyugina, Helen Jermak, Peter G. Jonker, Jari J. E. Kajava, Ilia A. Kosenkov, Vadim Kravtsov, Vilppu Piirola, Manisha Shrestha, Manuel A. Perez Torres, Sergey S. Tsygankov. <strong>Black hole spin–orbit misalignment in the x-ray binary MAXI J1820 070</strong>. <em>Science</em>, 2022; 375 (6583): 874 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abl4679\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1126/science.abl4679</a>\r\n</li>'),(60,'Swiss rivers on track to overheat by the end of the century','swiss-rivers-on-track-to-overheat-by-the-end-of-the-century','2022-02-25 18:45:26.642747','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">\"People tend to think that water is an unlimited resource in Switzerland,\" says Adrien Michel, who recently completed his PhD in environmental science and engineering at EPFL. \"But by the end of this century, we may well have to choose between using our rivers to water our crops and damming them up in order to produce electricity.\" Michel carried out his doctoral work at the Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences (CRYOS) within EPFL\'s School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering. After completing a retrospective study on the impact of global warming on Swiss rivers, Michel has now published a forward-looking study on the same topic in the journal <em>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</em>.</p><p><strong>Three scenarios</strong></p><p>Michel\'s research lays out three possible scenarios that depend on whether greenhouse gas emissions are low, moderate or high. In the most extreme scenario, in which we take no action, river temperatures in the summer can be expected to increase by 5.5°C in Alpine regions and by 4°C in Swiss Plateau catchments. At the same time, average river discharge could decrease by 30% in the mountains and 25% in lowland areas. Conversely, if CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are reduced in line with the Paris Climate Accord, both Alpine and Swiss Plateau rivers would only be 1°C warmer at the end of the century, and discharge would decrease by 5% in mountain catchments while remaining nearly unchanged in the lowlands. In the low-emission scenario, nearly half of all remaining glaciers would be preserved, with retreat leveling off around 2050, whereas in the high-emission scenario they would all but disappear.</p><p><strong>Pushing the extremes</strong></p><p>The study also showed that winter and summer extremes will be greater in Plateau regions under all three scenarios. In the winter, increased precipitation will bring about higher discharge. In the summer, more sporadic precipitation along with higher evaporation rates caused by rising temperatures will lead to a decrease in discharge. Michel relied on climate projections from MeteoSwiss and glacier melt data from ETH Zurich to model snow and discharge levels and river temperatures.</p><p>\"We\'ll surely be able to grow oranges in this part of the world,\" says Michel. \"But what about the rest of biodiversity?\" This study is naturally based on how things stand today, while much about the end of the century remains unknown. What will happen to the agricultural and energy sectors? And to river flora and fauna, since rising temperatures hinder reproduction and increase the risk of disease in fish? How will we ensure adequate electricity production if discharge decreases drastically? And if Switzerland decides to build new nuclear power or other industrial plants, how will we keep them cool?</p><p><strong>The need to act now</strong></p><p>Rather than tackling questions about the future, Michel is calling for action now: \"Our study of river discharge and temperatures shows, for one, that the impact of global warming is inevitable, and that we must begin making changes today, through energy and agriculture policies, for example. It\'s also showing us that we can still save a part of our environmental heritage -- but only if we act swiftly and aggressively.\"</p>','2022-02-26 00:12:09.154495','uploads/news/download_20.jfif',1,'Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne','According to a new study, if we take immediate measures to reduce CO2 emissions, we could limit the rise in the temperature of Swiss rivers to 1°C between now and 2090 without drastically affecting their discharge.',1,18,'<li>Adrien Michel, Bettina Schaefli, Nander Wever, Harry Zekollari, Michael Lehning, Hendrik Huwald. <strong>Future water temperature of rivers in Switzerland under  climate change investigated with physics-based models</strong>. <em>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</em>, 2022; 26 (4): 1063 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1063-2022\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.5194/hess-26-1063-2022</a>\r\n</li>'),(61,'Scientists identify key regulator of malaria parasite transmission','scientists-identify-key-regulator-of-malaria-parasite-transmission','2022-02-25 18:46:55.901977','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Malaria remains one of the biggest global public health challenges. It kills a young child every two minutes, more than any other infectious disease.</p><p>Malaria parasites, of which <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> is the most widespread and lethal, are transmitted by mosquitoes and have a complex life cycle. Malaria symptoms occur once the parasite\'s asexual stages begin replicating inside red blood cells. However, these asexual forms must transform into male and female stages called gametocytes in order to infect the mosquitoes that spread the disease.</p><p>In a study published Jan. 27 in <em>Nature Microbiology</em>, investigators from Weill Cornell Medicine report they have identified a protein called HDP1 that plays a critical role in activating genes required for the development of these male and female stages. The finding provides important new insights into how the parasite controls this conversion into gametocytes.</p><p>\"HDP1 is essential for the development of the parasite\'s transmissible stages,\" said senior author Dr. Björn Kafsack, assistant professor of microbiology and immunology at Weill Cornell Medicine.</p><p>Previous research has shown that switching between the different stages requires the master gene regulator AP2-G, which initiates the development of the transmissible stages by activating other regulators of gene expression, including HDP1.</p><p>In their new study, the researchers showed that HDP1 is required for the parasite\'s maturation to the gametocyte stage, the first time such a connection has been shown. They used CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology to delete the <em>hdp1</em> gene in <em>P. falciparum</em> parasites. Using microscopy and other lab techniques, including flow cytometry and RNA sequencing and chromatin profiling, they were able to discover what was happening inside these cells at the molecular level.</p><p>They found that without HDP1, parasites were unable to turn up expression of genes that are necessary to assemble mature gametocytes and give them their characteristic sickle shape. This eventually leads to the death of these gametocytes and leaves them unable to infect mosquitoes.</p><p>\"HDP1 is the first of a previously uncharacterized class of DNA-binding proteins identified in malaria,\" said first author Dr. Riward Campelo Morillo, a research associate in microbiology and immunology in the Kafsack lab. \"It provided us with a greater understanding of how genes are regulated in these parasites.\"</p><p>The team aims to further study how these molecular changes cause the parasite to take on its sickle shape, something that is not currently known.</p><p>\"By understanding the developmental program of these transmission stages, it could eventually lead to possible future drugs for blocking transmission,\" Dr. Kafsack said. \"We may be able to find additional components of this process that are unique to these parasites for us to target with drugs.\"</p>','2022-02-26 00:12:11.163557','uploads/news/download_21.jfif',1,'Weill Cornell Medicine','Malaria symptoms occur once the parasite\'s asexual stages begin replicating inside red blood cells. However, these asexual forms must transform into male and female stages called gametocytes in order to infect the mosquitoes that spread the disease. Investigators now report they have identified a protein called HDP1 that plays a critical role in activating genes required for the development of these male and female stages. The finding provides important new insights into how the parasite controls this conversion into gametocytes.',1,57,'<li>Riward A. Campelo Morillo, Xinran Tong, Wei Xie, Steven Abel, Lindsey M. Orchard, Wassim Daher, Dinshaw J. Patel, Manuel Llinás, Karine G. Le Roch, Björn F. C. Kafsack. <strong>The transcriptional regulator HDP1 controls expansion of the inner membrane complex during early sexual differentiation of malaria parasites</strong>. <em>Nature Microbiology</em>, 2022; 7 (2): 289 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-01045-0\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41564-021-01045-0</a>\r\n</li>'),(62,'Advancing our view at the subcellular level','advancing-our-view-at-the-subcellular-level','2022-02-25 18:47:59.289928','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">In the field of scientific research, details matter. The minutia of processes and structures are explained with specificity, data points are reported to the most precise decimal and seeing is believing.</p><p>Now, University of Cincinnati cancer biologists have developed a new piece of technology and a new imaging technique that will help researchers glean more detailed data points and see cells in more precise detail when studying the development of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.</p><p>Jiajie Diao, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Cancer Biology in UC\'s College of Medicine, recently published an article detailing the progress in the journal <em>Advanced Healthcare Materials.</em></p><p><strong>New probe</strong></p><p>Some of Diao\'s research focuses on a tiny part inside cells, called a lysosome, that is involved in cell processes. A lysosome is an \"organelle,\" or a specialized structure that performs various jobs inside cells. In the same way organs, such as the heart, liver, stomach and kidneys, serve specific functions to keep an organism alive, organelles serve specific functions to keep a cell alive. Diao\'s research centers on the lysosomes that act as the \"recycling center\" within cells, helping the cell reuse broken or malfunctioning building blocks for different purposes.</p><p>To accomplish its job, lysosomes need to be in an acidic environment and generally have a low pH value. However, abnormal pH levels within lysosomes have been associated with cellular malfunctions that can lead to diseases like cancer and Alzheimer\'s disease.</p><p>In order to study how pH levels can change and affect lysosomes and cells, Diao and his team collaborated with Dojindo Laboratories and Yujie Sun, PhD, associate professor in UC\'s Department of Chemistry, to develop a new probe that attaches to the lysosomes and is specially designed to provide more details to researchers. Diao said the resulting \"EC Green\" probe is the next generation of lysosome probes and features several improvements from current industry standards.</p><p>As the name suggests, the probe is green and becomes a brighter shade of green when the cell environment becomes more acidic. This gives researchers more information than current probes, which do not change colors, and can help identify correlations between changes in acidity and cells becoming cancerous.</p><p>Diao said this unique probe enables multidimensional analysis of lysosome dynamics, including spatial, structural and pH information over time.</p><p>Many currently available probes attach within the lysosome, which Diao said is like placing a string inside a water balloon. If the lysosome bursts, the probe washes away and is detached from the lysosome, making it no longer useful for tracking purposes.</p><p>In contrast, the EC Green probe is anchored to the lysosome membrane. Even if the lysosome breaks, it stays secure in its position like a piece of string that remains attached to the outside of a popped balloon.</p><p>\"So it will be very stable. You can put it there for several days,\" Diao said. \"The commonly used commercial probe will disappear, but our probe will last forever because they get protected by the outer membrane.\"</p><p>The probe is also specially designed to emit a large number of photons so that it can withstand super resolution imaging under high laser intensity.</p><p>\"When you use a high intensity, most of the probe will get photo bleached. When you stimulate something too hard, it will just die,\" Diao said.</p><p>While it provides a number of advantages, Diao said the most important facet of the probe is that it is useful.</p><p>According to Diao, EC Green is relatively inexpensive and extremely quick and easy for researchers to use. About 20-30 minutes after staining cells with the probe, the samples can be washed and placed under a microscope for observation.</p><p>\"It\'s so simple and nobody would have a problem using them,\" he said. \"That was another concept for us when developing the new probe. We don\'t want to just make everything so difficult; what we want is to make everything simpler.\"</p><p>Diao and Sun are already hard at work collaborating on the next generation of EC Green, which will provide even more details into pH levels by turning from green to red in different levels of acidity. The hope is to be ready to obtain a patent and publish another article on this new probe by the end of 2022.</p><p><strong>Mapping the cellular landscape</strong></p><p>In addition to the EC Green probe, Diao and Sun have also developed a new imaging technique that allows researchers to precisely measure the distance, shape and location of each organelle within a cell. This can help provide more information about the interaction between organelles and how these interactions may lead to the development of diseases.</p><p>The technique builds upon and uses superresolution microscopy, which provides clearer images of particles at the subcellular level.</p><p>\"So we measure the relative distance between organelles like lysosomes and mitochondria,\" Diao said. \"We found that just by simply doing a surveying and mapping inside the cell using our superresolution, we can achieve and discover many unknown changes inside the cell.\"</p><p>In the first use of the new measurement technique described in the article, the researchers found that mitochondria, the organelle in cells responsible for energy production and respiration, become enlarged when developing into degenerative diseases.</p><p>Lysosomes were also found to tend to move closer to mitochondria when the mitochondria are damaged. Further research can help determine more about how organelles\' sizes and placements in relation to each other can cause disease, Diao said.</p><p><strong>Increasing capabilities with AI</strong></p><p>Now that the measurement imaging technique has been developed, Diao said the team is beginning to work with computer scientists to harness the power of artificial intelligence to increase how it can be used.</p><p>\"Nowadays, lots of measurements are made by people and by a simple algorithm, so we still need manpower,\" Diao said. \"We are developing AI, the machinery, the intelligence to try to do everything by the machine.\"</p><p>Down the road, Diao said the hope is that an algorithm can be trained with a wide variety of images of healthy and diseased cells so that the software can analyze a cell image and then predict whether or not it will become cancerous.</p><p>The technique combined with AI could also be used to study the effectiveness of drugs to treat diseases, for example to see if there are specific organelles that are contributing to a patient developing drug resistance to a certain medication.</p><p>\"This will give us a next level ability,\" he said. \"Currently, most people are looking at the tissue level or a higher level, but we can go down to the subcellular level.\"</p><p>Due to the purchase of a new microscope from the UC College of Medicine and Department of Cancer Biology, any researcher at the University of Cincinnati or Cincinnati Children\'s Hospital Medical Center is now equipped to take advantage of the innovations from Diao\'s lab in future studies.</p><p>\"So that\'s what we actually are trying, to let more people use the most advanced probe and the most advanced imaging technique to do their study,\" Diao said.</p><p>Explore the <strong>latest scientific research on sleep and dreams</strong> in this free online course from <em>New Scientist</em> — <a href=\"https://academy.newscientist.com/pages/free_course_science_daily?utm_source=science-daily&amp;utm_medium=partner&amp;utm_campaign=sciencedaily_native-ads-free-sleep-course\">Sign up now &gt;&gt;&gt;</a>\r\n</p>','2022-02-26 00:12:12.426779','uploads/news/image_1.jfif',1,'University of Cincinnati','Researchers have developed a new pH probe and imaging technique to provide researchers more information when studying diseases like cancer and Alzheimer\'s.',1,29,'<li>Kangqiang Qiu, Ryo Seino, Guanqun Han, Munetaka Ishiyama, Yuichiro Ueno, Zhiqi Tian, Yujie Sun, Jiajie Diao. <strong>De Novo Design of A Membrane‐Anchored Probe for Multidimensional Quantification of Endocytic Dynamics</strong>. <em>Advanced Healthcare Materials</em>, 2022; 2102185 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202102185\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1002/adhm.202102185</a>\r\n</li>'),(63,'Cancer breakthrough reveals old drugs with new tricks may limit spread','cancer-breakthrough-reveals-old-drugs-with-new-tricks-may-limit-spread','2022-02-26 01:37:50.240295','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Metastasis, the ability of cancer cells to spread to other parts of the body, is notoriously difficult to treat and is the leading cause of death, meaning that early diagnosis and treatment are vital.</p><p>Cancer starts when certain changes take place within the genes inside the nucleus of a cell -- the cell\'s command centre which contains its DNA.</p><p>When examined under a microscope cancer cells look abnormal, and for over 150 years scientists have used changes in the size of the cell\'s nucleus to diagnose cancer and its severity.</p><p>In many types of cancer these size changes are linked to increased metastasis, the ability of cancer cells to spread, reducing the chances of survival. Yet, few treatments specifically target metastasis.</p><p>To tackle this, researchers at the Universities of Edinburgh, Montreal, and Eastern Finland screened drugs in the lab that reversed nucleus size changes in cells from three cancers -- prostate, colon and lung.</p><p>The screen identified many existing cancer drugs, but also uncovered drugs not previously used to treat cancer, including those used for depression, heart disease and killing parasitic worms.</p><p>While each drug identified needs to be tested further to check if it is effective in reducing metastasis in cancer patients, the screen identified over a dozen drugs that may prove effective for each of the three cancers.</p><p>As the drugs can target specific types of cancer cells and are generally non-toxic, they could be added to existing treatments to reduce metastasis without further adding to the existing toxic side effects of chemotherapy.</p><p>The researchers found that in each cancer type, a different set of drugs could change the size of the nucleus in the opposite direction as the changes associated with an increase in metastasis.</p><p>Understanding why was confusing because size changes went in both directions -- increased metastasis followed size increases in prostate and breast cancer and decreases in lung cancer.</p><p>Research into the causes of metastasis are ongoing, but it occurs when cancer cells break away from the original tumour and travel through the bloodstream to other parts of the body.</p><p>A smaller nucleus might make it easier for the cell to squeeze through the walls of blood vessels to enter other tissues while a bigger nucleus might be more malleable to enable such squeezing.</p><p>In nearly all the drugs tested, changing the size of the nucleus -- in the opposite direction that normally occurs with metastasis -- reduced the cell\'s ability to move and invade tissues.</p><p>These size changes are likely to affect the cell\'s speed and ability to move as the nucleus is closely connected to a network of filaments, known as the cytoskeleton, that control its movement.</p><p>Similar screens for other types of cancer are likely to identify other drugs that have the potential to target specific types of cancer and reduce metastasis whilst limiting toxic side effects.</p><p>The study, published in <em>ACS Chemical Biology, </em>was funded by Wellcome, Medical Research Council UK, National Institutes of Health USA, European Research Council, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, and the Cancer Society of Finland.</p><p>Professor Eric Schirmer,Personal Chair of Nuclear Envelope Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, said: \"The tissue and cancer type-specificity is the most interesting to me because this means the drugs are less likely to yield systemic toxicity or other side effects.</p><p>\"This means that they could be added to existing treatments to reduce metastasis without adding to the toxicity these treatments have for the patients themselves. Also, since we only tested FDA/EMA-approved drugs, these could be delivered much more quickly to clinic.\"</p><p>Explore the <strong>latest scientific research on sleep and dreams</strong> in this free online course from <em>New Scientist</em> — <a href=\"https://academy.newscientist.com/pages/free_course_science_daily?utm_source=science-daily&amp;utm_medium=partner&amp;utm_campaign=sciencedaily_native-ads-free-sleep-course\">Sign up now &gt;&gt;&gt;</a>\r\n</p>','2022-02-26 00:31:07.993128','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'University of Edinburgh','The treatment of cancer could be revolutionized by the discovery that existing drugs, used to treat depression and heart disease, could reverse key changes in cancer cells that are associated with their ability to spread.',1,19,'<li>Sylvain Tollis, Andrea Rizzotto, Nhan T. Pham, Sonja Koivukoski, Aishwarya Sivakumar, Steven Shave, Jan Wildenhain, Nikolaj Zuleger, Jeremy T. Keys, Jayne Culley, Yijing Zheng, Jan Lammerding, Neil O. Carragher, Valerie G. Brunton, Leena Latonen, Manfred Auer, Mike Tyers, Eric C. Schirmer. <strong>Chemical Interrogation of Nuclear Size Identifies Compounds with Cancer Cell Line-Specific Effects on Migration and Invasion</strong>. <em>ACS Chemical Biology</em>, 2022; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.2c00004\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1021/acschembio.2c00004</a>\r\n</li>'),(65,'Cancer: When viruses and bacteria cooperate','cancer-when-viruses-and-bacteria-cooperate','2022-02-26 01:38:53.100690','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Patients who develop cervical cancer are often infected not only with the human papillomavirus (HPV) but also simultaneously with the bacterial pathogen <em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em>. The suspicion is, therefore, that the two pathogens work together in a kind of team to \"reprogram\" the cells they infect in such a way that they degenerate and multiply uncontrollably.</p><p>Dr. Cindrilla Chumduri, head of the research group, Department of Microbiology at the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg (JMU) and her team, has now demonstrated for the first time that this is not just a suspicion but a concretely verifiable effect.</p><p>They have developed lifelike organ replicas -- so-called 3D organoids -- on which they investigate the interactions between the pathogens and the tissues they affect and the disease processes. She has published the results of her research in the journal <em>Nature Communications</em>.</p><p><strong>Multiple infections alter cells</strong>.</p><p>\"Our study uses organoid models to show the danger of multiple infections. These create a unique cellular microenvironment that potentially contributes to the reprogramming of tissues and thus to the development of cancer,\" says Chumduri, summarizing the central result of her investigations. To do this, the infectious disease biologist used cells from healthy donors to create an almost physiological organoid model of the cervix.</p><p>In particular, her research focuses on two tissue types: First, the so-called ectocervix -- the part of the cervical mucosa that extends into the vagina. And second is the endocervix -- the part of the mucosa that lines the cervix further inside, connecting the uterus. Their essential task is to prevent pathogens from entering the uterus and thus help keep the upper female reproductive tract sterile.</p><p>Why is Chumduri particularly interested in these two types of tissue? \"The areas where the ecto- and endocervix merge forms a transition zone and are particularly prone to infections and neoplasms,\" she says. Most cervical cancers originate there, she adds.</p><p><strong>HPV and Chlamydia: a malicious alliance driving cellular</strong> <strong>transformation</strong></p><p>There are also valid reasons for focusing on the pathogens HPV and <em>C. trachomatis</em>: \"They are among the most widespread sexually transmitted pathogen infections,\" adds Dr. Stefanie Koster, one of the first authors of the study. It has long been proven that HPV can cause cancer. That\'s why girls in Germany -- and now boys, too -- have been able to get vaccinated against it since 2007.</p><p>In fact, virus DNA can be found in more than 90 percent of all cervical cancers. However, they are not the sole culprit, as shown by the fact that although more than 80 percent of women become infected with HPV during their lifetime, not even two percent develop cancer. Coinfection with C. trachomatis is therefore thought to be a major cofactor in driving malignant tissue formation. However, \"the dynamics of this coinfection and the underlying mechanisms have been largely unknown,\" adds Dr. Rajendra Kumar Gurumurthy, another first author of the study.</p><p>The problem is that \"unlike tumor viruses, whose DNA can be found in tumors, bacteria associated with cancer rarely leave detectable elements in cancer cells,\" explains Chumduri. Nevertheless, to link bacteria to cancer development, she said, it is necessary to identify those cellular and mutational processes that contribute to cells undergoing pathological changes. Chumduri and her team have now systematically decoded precisely these processes in the organoids they have developed.</p><p><strong>3D cervical organoids open up new research opportunities</strong></p><p>The result: \"Our analyses show that HPV and Chlamydia cause a unique cellular reprogramming of the host,\" explains the scientist. Several genes are up-or down-regulated by the two pathogens in different ways, which is associated with specific immune responses. Among other things, pathogens influence a significant subset of all regulated genes responsible for DNA damage repair.</p><p>Overall, the findings show that \"co-persistence of HPV and Chlamydia in a stem cell could adversely affect cellular and genomic stability and promote neoplastic progression,\" as the study concludes.</p><p>At the same time, the study provides the first evidence that the 3D organoids of the cervix developed by Dr. Chumduri\'s group are suitable for studying various aspects of cervical biology, including drug testing under near-physiological conditions. The cultivability of these organoids and the possibility of genetically manipulating them thus open new avenues to study the development, progression, and outcome of chronic infections in an authentic preclinical setting.</p>','2022-02-26 00:31:16.920404','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'University of Würzburg','Infections with several pathogens simultaneously increase the risk of cervical cancer, according to a new study conducted on artificial 3D tissue models.',1,23,'<li>Stefanie Koster, Rajendra Kumar Gurumurthy, Naveen Kumar, Pon Ganish Prakash, Jayabhuvaneshwari Dhanraj, Sofia Bayer, Hilmar Berger, Shilpa Mary Kurian, Marina Drabkina, Hans-Joachim Mollenkopf, Christian Goosmann, Volker Brinkmann, Zachary Nagel, Mandy Mangler, Thomas F. Meyer, Cindrilla Chumduri. <strong>Modelling Chlamydia and HPV co-infection in patient-derived ectocervix organoids reveals distinct cellular reprogramming</strong>. <em>Nature Communications</em>, 2022; 13 (1) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28569-1\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41467-022-28569-1</a>\r\n</li>'),(66,'Asexual reproduction can have negative effects on genome evolution in stick insects, study finds','asexual-reproduction-can-have-negative-effects-on-genome-evolution-in-stick-insects-study-finds','2022-02-26 01:41:16.958284','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">An international research team has shown that parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction, negatively affects the genome evolution of the animals that practise it. In this type of reproduction, the offspring are produced from a single unfertilized egg. The study was led by Professor Dr Tanja Schwander and Professor Dr Marc Robinson-Rechavi at the University of Lausanne in cooperation with partners at the University of Edinburgh and Dr Jens Bast at the University of Cologne.</p><p>The results have been published on 23 February under the title \'Convergent consequences of parthenogenesis on stick insect genomes\' in <em>Science Advances</em>.</p><p>Offspring are produced via two main reproductive pathways: sexual, i.e. fertilization between male and female gametes, or asexual, for example parthogenesis. In parthenogenesis, females pass on their genes without a male being involved. <em>Timema</em> are a genus of stick insects native to western North America, and includes both sexually and asexually reproducing species. The biologists discovered that in asexually reproducing <em>Timema</em>, beneficial mutations cannot be passed on as efficiently in the long term.</p><p>Like humans, <em>Timema</em> have a double set of chromosomes. The extent to which these two genome copies differ is described as heterozygosity. During parthenogenesis, however, this difference is lost and the two genome copies become very similar. This reduces variability, which can be important for species to adapt to their environment.</p><p>The research team analysed the genomes of five asexual <em>Timema</em> species and closely related sexually species that reproduce sexually. \"The results show that genetic exchange during sexual reproduction promotes the speed of adaptation and genetic diversity in the insects\' natural populations,\" said Dr Jens Bast.</p>','2022-02-26 00:31:23.884375','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'University of Cologne','Stick insects that reproduce asexually cannot adapt as quickly in the course of evolution as sexually reproducing species, leading to a decrease in biological diversity, according to new research.',1,59,'<li>Kamil S. Jaron, Darren J. Parker, Yoann Anselmetti, Patrick Tran Van, Jens Bast, Zoé Dumas, Emeric Figuet, Clémentine M. François, Keith Hayward, Victor Rossier, Paul Simion, Marc Robinson-Rechavi, Nicolas Galtier, Tanja Schwander. <strong>Convergent consequences of parthenogenesis on stick insect genomes</strong>. <em>Science Advances</em>, 2022; 8 (8) DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg3842\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1126/sciadv.abg3842</a>\r\n</li>'),(67,'Fingertip sensitivity for robots','fingertip-sensitivity-for-robots','2022-02-26 01:42:13.193961','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">In a paper published on February 23, 2022 in <em>Nature Machine Intelligence</em>, a team of scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems (MPI-IS) introduce a robust soft haptic sensor named \"Insight\" that uses computer vision and a deep neural network to accurately estimate where objects come into contact with the sensor and how large the applied forces are. The research project is a significant step toward robots being able to feel their environment as accurately as humans and animals. Like its natural counterpart, the fingertip sensor is very sensitive, robust, and high resolution.</p><p>The thumb-shaped sensor is made of a soft shell built around a lightweight stiff skeleton. This skeleton holds up the structure much like bones stabilize the soft finger tissue. The shell is made from an elastomer mixed with dark but reflective aluminum flakes, resulting in an opaque greyish color which prevents any external light finding its way in. Hidden inside this finger-sized cap is a tiny 160-degree fish-eye camera which records colorful images illuminated by a ring of LEDs.</p><p>When any objects touch the sensor\'s shell, the appearance of the color pattern inside the sensor changes. The camera records images many times per second and feeds a deep neural network with this data. The algorithm detects even the smallest change in light in each pixel. Within a fraction of a second, the trained machine-learning model can map out where exactly the finger is contacting an object, determine how strong the forces are and indicate the force direction. The model infers what scientists call a force map: it provides a force vector for every point in the three-dimensional fingertip.</p><p>\"We achieved this excellent sensing performance through the innovative mechanical design of the shell, the tailored imaging system inside, automatic data collection, and cutting-edge deep learning,\" says Georg Martius, Max Planck Research Group Leader at MPI-IS, where he heads the Autonomous Learning Group. His Ph.D. student Huanbo Sun adds: \"Our unique hybrid structure of a soft shell enclosing a stiff skeleton ensures high sensitivity and robustness. Our camera can detect even the slightest deformations of the surface from one single image.\" Indeed, while testing the sensor, the researchers realized it was sensitive enough to feel its own orientation relative to gravity.</p><p>The third member of the team is Katherine J. Kuchenbecker, the Director of the Haptic Intelligence Department at MPI-IS. She confirms that the new sensor will be useful: \"Previous soft haptic sensors had only small sensing areas, were delicate and difficult to make, and often could not feel forces parallel to the skin, which are essential for robotic manipulation like holding a glass of water or sliding a coin along a table,\" says Kuchenbecker.</p><p>But how does such a sensor learn? Huanbo Sun designed a testbed to generate the training data needed for the machine-learning model to understand the correlation between the change in raw image pixels and the forces applied. The testbed probes the sensor all around its surface and records the true contact force vector together with the camera image inside the sensor. In this way, about 200,000 measurements were generated. It took nearly three weeks to collect the data and another one day to train the machine-learning model. Surviving this long experiment with so many different contact forces helped prove the robustness of Insight\'s mechanical design, and tests with a larger probe showed how well the sensing system generalizes.</p><p>Another special feature of the thumb-shaped sensor is that itpossesses a nail-shaped zone with a thinner elastomer layer. This tactile fovea is designed to detect even tiny forces and detailed object shapes. For this super-sensitive zone, the scientists choose an elastomer thickness of 1.2 mm rather than the 4 mm they used on the rest of the finger sensor.</p><p>\"The hardware and software design we present in our work can be transferred to a wide variety of robot parts with different shapes and precision requirements. The machine-learning architecture, training, and inference process are all general and can be applied to many other sensor designs,\" Huanbo Sun concludes.</p><p>Video: <a href=\"https://youtu.be/lTAJwcZopAA\">https://youtu.be/lTAJwcZopAA</a></p>','2022-02-26 00:31:26.579371','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems','Striving to improve touch sensing in robotics, scientists developed a thumb-shaped sensor with a camera hidden inside and trained a deep neural network to infer its haptic contact information. When something touches the finger, the system constructs a three-dimensional force map from the visible deformations of its flexible outer shell. This research invention significantly improves a robot finger\'s haptic perception, coming ever closer to the sense of touch of human skin.',1,60,'<li>Huanbo Sun, Katherine J. Kuchenbecker, Georg Martius. <strong>A soft thumb-sized vision-based sensor with accurate all-round force perception</strong>. <em>Nature Machine Intelligence</em>, 2022; 4 (2): 135 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00439-3\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s42256-021-00439-3</a>\r\n</li>'),(68,'How a single nerve cell can multiply','how-a-single-nerve-cell-can-multiply','2022-02-26 01:43:48.192482','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">Neurons are constantly performing complex calculations to process sensory information and infer the state of the environment. For example, to localize a sound or to recognize the direction of visual motion, individual neurons are thought to multiply two signals. However, how such a computation is carried out has been a mystery for decades. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, in foundation (i.f.), have now discovered in fruit flies the biophysical basis that enables a specific type of neuron to multiply two incoming signals. This provides fundamental insights into the algebra of neurons -- the computations that may underlie countless processes in the brain.</p><p>We easily recognize objects and the direction in which they move. The brain calculates this information based on local changes in light intensity detected by our retina. The calculations occur at the level of individual neurons. But what does it mean when neurons calculate? In a network of communicating nerve cells, each cell must calculate its outgoing signal based on a multitude of incoming signals. Certain types of signals will increase and others will reduce the outgoing signal -- processes that neuroscientists refer to as \'excitation\' and \'inhibition\'.</p><p>Theoretical models assume that seeing motion requires the multiplication of two signals, but how such arithmetic operations are performed at the level of single neurons was previously unknown. Researchers from Alexander Borst\'s department at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, i.f., have now solved this puzzle in a specific type of neuron.</p><p><strong>Recording from T4 cells</strong></p><p>The scientists focused on so-called T4 cells in the visual system of the fruit fly. These neurons only respond to visual motion in one specific direction. The lead authors Jonatan Malis and Lukas Groschner succeeded for the first time in measuring both the incoming and the outgoing signals of T4 cells. To do so, the neurobiologists placed the animal in a miniature cinema and used minuscule electrodes to record the neurons\' electrical activities. Since T4 cells are among the smallest of all neurons, the successful measurements were a methodological milestone.</p><p>Together with computer simulations, the data revealed that the activity of a T4 cell is constantly inhibited. However, if a visual stimulus moves in a certain direction, the inhibition is briefly lifted. Within this short time window, an incoming excitatory signal is amplified: Mathematically, constant inhibition is equivalent to a division; removing the inhibition results in a multiplication. \"We have discovered a simple basis for a complex calculation in a single neuron,\" explains Lukas Groschner. \"The inverse operation of a division is a multiplication. Neurons seem to be able to exploit this relationship,\" adds Jonatan Malis.</p><p><strong>Relevance for behavior</strong></p><p>The T4 cell\'s ability to multiply is linked to a certain receptor molecule on its surface. \"Animals lacking this receptor misperceive visual motion and fail to maintain a stable course in behavioral experiments,\" explains co-author Birte Zuidinga, who analyzed the walking trajectories of fruit flies in a virtual reality setup. This illustrates the importance of this type of computation for the animals\' behavior. \"So far, our understanding of the basic algebra of neurons was rather incomplete,\" says Alexander Borst. \"However, the comparatively simple brain of the fruit fly has allowed us to gain insight into this seemingly intractable puzzle.\" The researchers assume that similar neuronal computations underlie, for example, our abilities to localize sounds, to focus our attention, or to orient ourselves in space.</p><p>Explore the <strong>latest scientific research on sleep and dreams</strong> in this free online course from <em>New Scientist</em> — <a href=\"https://academy.newscientist.com/pages/free_course_science_daily?utm_source=science-daily&amp;utm_medium=partner&amp;utm_campaign=sciencedaily_native-ads-free-sleep-course\">Sign up now &gt;&gt;&gt;</a>\r\n</p>','2022-02-26 00:31:29.599337','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Max-Planck-Gesellschaft','Neurons are constantly performing complex calculations to process sensory information and infer the state of the environment. For example, to localize a sound or to recognize the direction of visual motion, individual neurons are thought to multiply two signals. However, how such a computation is carried out has been a mystery for decades. Researchers have now discovered in fruit flies the biophysical basis that enables a specific type of neuron to multiply two incoming signals. This provides fundamental insights into the algebra of neurons -- the computations that may underlie countless processes in the brain.',1,3,'<li>Lukas N. Groschner, Jonatan G. Malis, Birte Zuidinga, Alexander Borst. <strong>A biophysical account of multiplication by a single neuron</strong>. <em>Nature</em>, 2022; DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04428-3\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41586-022-04428-3</a>\r\n</li>'),(69,'Visualization of the origin of magnetic forces by atomic resolution electron microscopy','visualization-of-the-origin-of-magnetic-forces-by-atomic-resolution-electron-microscopy','2022-02-26 01:45:22.414537','<p class=\"lead\" id=\"first\">The joint development team of Professor Shibata (the University of Tokyo), JEOL Ltd. and Monash University succeeded in directly observing an atomic magnetic field, the origin of magnets (magnetic force), for the first time in the world. The observation was conducted using the newly developed Magnetic-field-free Atomic-Resolution STEM (MARS) <sup>(1)</sup>. This team had already succeeded in observing the electric field inside atoms for the first time in 2012. However, since the magnetic fields in atoms are extremely weak compared with electric fields, the technology to observe the magnetic fields had been unexplored since the development of electron microscopes. This is an epoch-making achievement that will rewrite the history of microscope development.</p><p>Electron microscopes have the highest spatial resolution among all currently used microscopes. However, in order to achieve ultra-high resolution so that atoms can be observed directly, we have to observe the sample by placing it in an extremely strong lens magnetic field. Therefore, atomic observation of magnetic materials that are strongly affected by the lens magnetic field such as magnets and steels had been impossible for many years. For this difficult problem, the team succeeded in developing a lens that has a completely new structure in 2019. Using this new lens, the team realized atomic observation of magnetic materials, which is not affected by the lens magnetic field. The team\'s next goal was to observe the magnetic fields of atoms, which are the origin of magnets (magnetic force), and they continued technological development to achieve the goal.</p><p>This time, the joint development team took on the challenge of observing the magnetic fields of iron (Fe) atoms in a hematite crystal (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) by loading MARS with a newly developed high-sensitivity high-speed detector, and further using computer image processing technology. To observe the magnetic fields, they used the Differential Phase Contrast (DPC) method <sup>(2)</sup> at atomic resolution, which is an ultrahigh-resolution local electromagnetic field measurement method using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) <sup>(3)</sup>, developed by Professor Shibata et al. The results directly demonstrated that iron atoms themselves are small magnets (atomic magnet). The results also clarified the origin of magnetism (antiferromagnetism <sup>(4)</sup>) exhibited by hematite at the atomic level.</p><p>From the present research results, the observation on atomic magnetic field was demonstrated, and a method for observation of atomic magnetic fields was established. This method is expected to become a new measuring method in the future that will lead the research and development of various magnetic materials and devices such as magnets, steels, magnetic devices, magnetic memory, magnetic semiconductors, spintronics and topological materials.</p><p>This research was conducted by the joint development team of Professor Naoya Shibata (Director of the Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo) and Dr. Yuji Kohno et al. (Specialists of JEOL Ltd.) in collaboration with Monash University, Australia, under the Advanced Measurement and Analysis Systems Development (SENTAN), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST).</p><p><strong>Terms</strong></p><p>(1) Magnetic-field-free Atomic-Resolution STEM (MARS)</p><p>An electron microscope is an instrument to directly observe the microstructure in a sample, where an electron beam is injected into the sample, and the electron beams transmitted and scattered by the sample are magnified using a magnetic field lens. Currently, it is possible to directly observe atoms using an electron microscope. In an optical microscope, the spatial resolution is in principle limited to about one micrometer due to the light source (visible light). On the other hand, electron microscope is an instrument where this spatial resolution limit is exceeded by utilizing the wave nature of electrons. Therefore, it can be said that an electron microscope is an observation technology that applies the benefits of quantum mechanics in the most direct way. The Magnetic-field-free Atomic-Resolution STEM (MARS) is an electron microscope developed by the present joint development team in 2019, capable of measuring a sample in a magnetic-field free environment.</p><p>(2) Differential Phase Contrast (DPC) method</p><p>A method to measure the electromagnetic field at each point in a sample. Specifically, when an electron beam is injected in a sample, the force of the electromagnetic field that exists within the sample causes a slight trajectory change in the electron beam incident, and by measuring the difference in the electron beam intensity detected in each position of a split detector, the electromagnetic field can be measured. Since the spatial resolution of this method is basically determined by the size of the electron probe, observation of an electromagnetic field at atomic resolution is in principle possible using the DPC method.</p><p>(3) Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM)</p><p>An instrument to directly observe the structure inside a sample. Specifically, a micro-focused electron beam is scanned on the sample, and observation is conducted by measuring the intensity of electrons transmitted and scattered by the sample. Currently, we can directly observe atoms using a STEM.</p><p>(4) Antiferromagnetism</p><p>A magnetism where spins of neighboring atoms are aligned with each other facing antiparallel, and the material does not have spontaneous magnetization as a whole.</p>','2022-02-26 00:31:34.388472','uploads/news/logo.jpg',1,'Japan Science and Technology Agency','Scientists have observed atomic magnetic fields, the origin of magnetic forces, for the first time using an innovative Magnetic-field-free Atomic-Resolution STEM they developed.',1,61,'<li>Yuji Kohno, Takehito Seki, Scott D. Findlay, Yuichi Ikuhara, Naoya Shibata. <strong>Real-space visualization of intrinsic magnetic fields of an antiferromagnet</strong>. <em>Nature</em>, 2022; 602 (7896): 234 DOI: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04254-z\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038/s41586-021-04254-z</a>\r\n</li>'),