 <p class="lead" id="first">The largest peatlands in the Amazon rainforest, which hold a vast, concentrated amount of carbon, are under increasing threat from changing land use, research suggests. Urgent protection is needed to prevent carbon gas emissions from decomposing peat swamps in lowland Peruvian Amazonia (LPA) -- which are bigger than previously thought.</p><p>Scientists discovered small but growing areas of deforestation across the LPA, including an 11-fold increase in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions linked to mining, between 2000 and 2016.</p><p>The research, led by the Universities of Edinburgh and St Andrews used field, satellite and land-cover data to estimate harmful greenhouse gas emissions, develop maps and create the first data-driven peat thickness models of Peru's tropical peatlands.</p><p>Field teams including scientists from Peru's Insituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, the University of Leeds and other collaborating institutions mapped new stretches of peat swamps and estimated the distribution of peat across Peruvian Amazonia for the first time.</p><p>At 62,714 km<sup>2</sup> -- an area approximately the size of Sri Lanka -- the peatlands contain twice as much carbon as previously estimated.</p><p>Peat in the LPA stores around 5.4 billion tonnes of carbon, which is almost as much as all of Peru's forests but in just five percent of its land area, showing how valuable a resource these peatlands are, experts say.</p><p>Tropical peatlands are among the most carbon dense ecosystems in the world but agriculture expansion, infrastructure development and mining has led to the loss of large peatland areas.</p><p>Deforestation and drainage inhibits the accumulation of essential organic matter in the swamps and promotes rapid decomposition of peat, which in turn releases large quantities of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere.</p><p>Drained peatlands are also prone to fires which can lead to a large and rapid increase of emissions.</p><p>In recognition of these threats, Peru has passed legislation which, for the first time, mandates the explicit protection of its peatlands for climate-change mitigation.</p><p>Enforcing this legislation will depend on continued mapping of peatland distribution and upon further investigation of its carbon storage.</p><p>Dr Adam Hastie, Postdoctoral Researcher from the School of GeoSciences, who led the study, said: "We knew that Peru contained substantial peatlands but we previously only had ground data from a few regions, and we didn't realise how extensive the peatlands were.</p><p>Our high-resolution maps can be used to directly inform conservation and climate mitigation policies and actions such as Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement, to avoid further degradation and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions."</p><p>Dr Ian Lawson, Senior Lecturer from the University of St Andrews, who led the international team, said: "Peatlands are increasingly recognized as carbon hotspots and a key component of the planet's carbon cycle. They store half of all the soil carbon on the planet, but they're vulnerable to human pressures. It's important for all of us that we know where they are so that we can protect them and help to mitigate climate change.</p><p>This work is the latest result of more than a decade of sustained international collaboration. It has taken a lot of effort by the team, making measurements and collecting samples throughout the swamp forests, to produce this first map of peatlands covering all of Peru's Amazonian region. The next step is to apply the same methods in other parts of the Amazon Basin. There's still a lot to be learned."</p><p>Dr Dennis del Castillo Torres, from the Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana and project partner of the study, said: "Our peatlands in Peru have the potential to mitigate climate change because the sustainable use of the most abundant peatland palm species, Mauritia flexuosa, can be promoted."</p><p>Dr Euridice Honorio Coronado, NERC Knowledge Exchange Fellow at the University of St Andrews and co-author, added: "Conserving peatlands will also support livelihoods and prevent a situation like South-East Asia where almost 80 per cent of peatlands have been cleared and drained."</p><p>The study, published in Nature GeoScience, was funded by NERC, Leverhulme Trust, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Wildlife Conservation Society, Concytec/British Council/Embajada Británica, Lima/Newton Fund, the governments of the United States of America &amp; Norway Knowledge Exchange Fellowship.</p><p>The team thanked SERNANP, SERFOR and GERFOR for providing research permits, and the indigenous and local communities, research stations and tourist companies for giving consent and allowing access to the forests.</p>