--
-- Host: localhost    Database: MAYUR
-- ------------------------------------------------------


--
-- Table structure for table `S_data`
--

CREATE TABLE `S_data` (
  `title` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `S_data`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `auth_group`
--

CREATE TABLE `auth_group` (
  `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(150) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `name` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `auth_group`
--

INSERT INTO `auth_group` VALUES (2,'Admin'),(3,'Content Writer'),(1,'HR'),(4,'Social Media');

--
-- Table structure for table `auth_group_permissions`
--

CREATE TABLE `auth_group_permissions` (
  `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `group_id` int NOT NULL,
  `permission_id` int NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `auth_group_permissions_group_id_permission_id_0cd325b0_uniq` (`group_id`,`permission_id`),
  KEY `auth_group_permissio_permission_id_84c5c92e_fk_auth_perm` (`permission_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `auth_group_permissio_permission_id_84c5c92e_fk_auth_perm` FOREIGN KEY (`permission_id`) REFERENCES `auth_permission` (`id`),
  CONSTRAINT `auth_group_permissions_group_id_b120cbf9_fk_auth_group_id` FOREIGN KEY (`group_id`) REFERENCES `auth_group` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=115 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `auth_group_permissions`
--

INSERT INTO `auth_group_permissions` VALUES (70,1,5),(71,1,8),(72,1,9),(73,1,10),(74,1,12),(1,1,13),(2,1,14),(3,1,16),(104,1,49),(105,1,52),(4,1,81),(5,1,82),(6,1,84),(107,1,85),(108,1,86),(106,1,88),(7,2,1),(8,2,2),(9,2,4),(10,2,5),(11,2,6),(12,2,8),(13,2,9),(14,2,10),(15,2,12),(16,2,13),(17,2,14),(18,2,16),(19,2,17),(20,2,18),(21,2,20),(22,2,21),(23,2,22),(24,2,24),(25,2,25),(26,2,26),(27,2,28),(28,2,29),(29,2,30),(30,2,32),(31,2,33),(32,2,34),(33,2,36),(34,2,37),(35,2,38),(36,2,40),(37,2,41),(38,2,42),(39,2,44),(40,2,45),(41,2,46),(42,2,48),(43,2,49),(44,2,50),(45,2,52),(46,2,53),(47,2,54),(48,2,56),(49,2,57),(50,2,58),(51,2,60),(52,2,61),(53,2,62),(54,2,64),(55,2,65),(56,2,66),(57,2,68),(58,2,69),(59,2,70),(60,2,72),(61,2,73),(62,2,74),(63,2,76),(64,2,77),(65,2,78),(66,2,80),(67,2,81),(68,2,82),(69,2,84),(96,2,85),(97,2,86),(98,2,88),(99,2,89),(100,2,90),(101,2,92),(102,2,93),(103,2,94),(95,2,96),(75,3,33),(76,3,34),(78,3,36),(79,3,37),(82,3,40),(87,3,49),(88,3,50),(89,3,52),(94,3,53),(93,3,56),(90,3,57),(91,3,58),(92,3,60),(77,3,65),(81,3,68),(80,3,69),(83,3,72),(84,3,73),(85,3,74),(86,3,76),(114,3,137),(111,4,36),(112,4,52),(113,4,136);

--
-- Table structure for table `auth_permission`
--

CREATE TABLE `auth_permission` (
  `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `content_type_id` int NOT NULL,
  `codename` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `auth_permission_content_type_id_codename_01ab375a_uniq` (`content_type_id`,`codename`),
  CONSTRAINT `auth_permission_content_type_id_2f476e4b_fk_django_co` FOREIGN KEY (`content_type_id`) REFERENCES `django_content_type` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=150 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `auth_permission`
--

INSERT INTO `auth_permission` VALUES (1,'Can add log entry',1,'add_logentry'),(2,'Can change log entry',1,'change_logentry'),(3,'Can delete log entry',1,'delete_logentry'),(4,'Can view log entry',1,'view_logentry'),(5,'Can add permission',2,'add_permission'),(6,'Can change permission',2,'change_permission'),(7,'Can delete permission',2,'delete_permission'),(8,'Can view permission',2,'view_permission'),(9,'Can add group',3,'add_group'),(10,'Can change group',3,'change_group'),(11,'Can delete group',3,'delete_group'),(12,'Can view group',3,'view_group'),(13,'Can add user',4,'add_user'),(14,'Can change user',4,'change_user'),(15,'Can delete user',4,'delete_user'),(16,'Can view user',4,'view_user'),(17,'Can add content type',5,'add_contenttype'),(18,'Can change content type',5,'change_contenttype'),(19,'Can delete content type',5,'delete_contenttype'),(20,'Can view content type',5,'view_contenttype'),(21,'Can add session',6,'add_session'),(22,'Can change session',6,'change_session'),(23,'Can delete session',6,'delete_session'),(24,'Can view session',6,'view_session'),(25,'Can add site',7,'add_site'),(26,'Can change site',7,'change_site'),(27,'Can delete site',7,'delete_site'),(28,'Can view site',7,'view_site'),(29,'Can add category',8,'add_category'),(30,'Can change category',8,'change_category'),(31,'Can delete category',8,'delete_category'),(32,'Can view category',8,'view_category'),(33,'Can add post',9,'add_post'),(34,'Can change post',9,'change_post'),(35,'Can delete post',9,'delete_post'),(36,'Can view post',9,'view_post'),(37,'Can add comment',10,'add_comment'),(38,'Can change comment',10,'change_comment'),(39,'Can delete comment',10,'delete_comment'),(40,'Can view comment',10,'view_comment'),(41,'Can add contact',11,'add_contact'),(42,'Can change contact',11,'change_contact'),(43,'Can delete contact',11,'delete_contact'),(44,'Can view contact',11,'view_contact'),(45,'Can add category',12,'add_category'),(46,'Can change category',12,'change_category'),(47,'Can delete category',12,'delete_category'),(48,'Can view category',12,'view_category'),(49,'Can add news',13,'add_news'),(50,'Can change news',13,'change_news'),(51,'Can delete news',13,'delete_news'),(52,'Can view news',13,'view_news'),(53,'Can add comment',14,'add_comment'),(54,'Can change comment',14,'change_comment'),(55,'Can delete comment',14,'delete_comment'),(56,'Can view comment',14,'view_comment'),(57,'Can add attachment',15,'add_attachment'),(58,'Can change attachment',15,'change_attachment'),(59,'Can delete attachment',15,'delete_attachment'),(60,'Can view attachment',15,'view_attachment'),(61,'Can add tag',16,'add_tag'),(62,'Can change tag',16,'change_tag'),(63,'Can delete tag',16,'delete_tag'),(64,'Can view tag',16,'view_tag'),(65,'Can add tagged item',17,'add_taggeditem'),(66,'Can change tagged item',17,'change_taggeditem'),(67,'Can delete tagged item',17,'delete_taggeditem'),(68,'Can view tagged item',17,'view_taggeditem'),(69,'Can add category',18,'add_category'),(70,'Can change category',18,'change_category'),(71,'Can delete category',18,'delete_category'),(72,'Can view category',18,'view_category'),(73,'Can add university',19,'add_university'),(74,'Can change university',19,'change_university'),(75,'Can delete university',19,'delete_university'),(76,'Can view university',19,'view_university'),(77,'Can add drugs',20,'add_drugs'),(78,'Can change drugs',20,'change_drugs'),(79,'Can delete drugs',20,'delete_drugs'),(80,'Can view drugs',20,'view_drugs'),(81,'Can add carriers',21,'add_carriers'),(82,'Can change carriers',21,'change_carriers'),(83,'Can delete carriers',21,'delete_carriers'),(84,'Can view carriers',21,'view_carriers'),(85,'Can add carrier_create',22,'add_carrier_create'),(86,'Can change carrier_create',22,'change_carrier_create'),(87,'Can delete carrier_create',22,'delete_carrier_create'),(88,'Can view carrier_create',22,'view_carrier_create'),(89,'Can add webinar',23,'add_webinar'),(90,'Can change webinar',23,'change_webinar'),(91,'Can delete webinar',23,'delete_webinar'),(92,'Can view webinar',23,'view_webinar'),(93,'Can add webinar_category',24,'add_webinar_category'),(94,'Can change webinar_category',24,'change_webinar_category'),(95,'Can delete webinar_category',24,'delete_webinar_category'),(96,'Can view webinar_category',24,'view_webinar_category'),(97,'Can add rsslink',25,'add_rsslink'),(98,'Can change rsslink',25,'change_rsslink'),(99,'Can delete rsslink',25,'delete_rsslink'),(100,'Can view rsslink',25,'view_rsslink'),(101,'Can add news letter',26,'add_newsletter'),(102,'Can change news letter',26,'change_newsletter'),(103,'Can delete news letter',26,'delete_newsletter'),(104,'Can view news letter',26,'view_newsletter'),(105,'Can add webinar_register',27,'add_webinar_register'),(106,'Can change webinar_register',27,'change_webinar_register'),(107,'Can delete webinar_register',27,'delete_webinar_register'),(108,'Can view webinar_register',27,'view_webinar_register'),(109,'Can add association',28,'add_association'),(110,'Can change association',28,'change_association'),(111,'Can delete association',28,'delete_association'),(112,'Can view association',28,'view_association'),(113,'Can add code',29,'add_code'),(114,'Can change code',29,'change_code'),(115,'Can delete code',29,'delete_code'),(116,'Can view code',29,'view_code'),(117,'Can add nonce',30,'add_nonce'),(118,'Can change nonce',30,'change_nonce'),(119,'Can delete nonce',30,'delete_nonce'),(120,'Can view nonce',30,'view_nonce'),(121,'Can add user social auth',31,'add_usersocialauth'),(122,'Can change user social auth',31,'change_usersocialauth'),(123,'Can delete user social auth',31,'delete_usersocialauth'),(124,'Can view user social auth',31,'view_usersocialauth'),(125,'Can add partial',32,'add_partial'),(126,'Can change partial',32,'change_partial'),(127,'Can delete partial',32,'delete_partial'),(128,'Can view partial',32,'view_partial'),(129,'Can add s_data',33,'add_s_data'),(130,'Can change s_data',33,'change_s_data'),(131,'Can delete s_data',33,'delete_s_data'),(132,'Can view s_data',33,'view_s_data'),(133,'Can add g_data',34,'add_g_data'),(134,'Can change g_data',34,'change_g_data'),(135,'Can delete g_data',34,'delete_g_data'),(136,'Can view g_data',34,'view_g_data'),(137,'Can add external_link',35,'add_external_link'),(138,'Can change external_link',35,'change_external_link'),(139,'Can delete external_link',35,'delete_external_link'),(140,'Can view external_link',35,'view_external_link'),(141,'Can add faq',36,'add_faq'),(142,'Can change faq',36,'change_faq'),(143,'Can delete faq',36,'delete_faq'),(144,'Can view faq',36,'view_faq'),(145,'Can add team',37,'add_team'),(146,'Can change team',37,'change_team'),(147,'Can delete team',37,'delete_team'),(148,'Can view team',37,'view_team'),(149,'View the Check SEO button (if using Django CMS) and use Django Check SEO',38,'use_django_check_seo');

--
-- Table structure for table `auth_user`
--

CREATE TABLE `auth_user` (
  `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `password` varchar(128) NOT NULL,
  `last_login` datetime(6) DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_superuser` tinyint(1) NOT NULL,
  `username` varchar(150) NOT NULL,
  `first_name` varchar(150) NOT NULL,
  `last_name` varchar(150) NOT NULL,
  `email` varchar(254) NOT NULL,
  `is_staff` tinyint(1) NOT NULL,
  `is_active` tinyint(1) NOT NULL,
  `date_joined` datetime(6) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `username` (`username`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=17 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `auth_user`
--

INSERT INTO `auth_user` VALUES (1,'pbkdf2_sha256$720000$q3NzuHVC6eYNubU3jCYDQb$DeJxj44JSiFIaolHpfjsz9cf8ubO1IqsRPKAlEVbak4=','2024-11-02 05:15:07.738178',1,'Mayur_Tembhare','Mayur','Tembhare','tembharemayur@gmail.com',1,1,'2022-02-23 03:06:13.000000'),(2,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$UCkBGGKi0mDbQpLjB2KGkt$kNgjbYBGtkSRnPaWZrxbjpo//BIq814LtOamsI3e7Ww=','2022-12-10 17:16:08.071560',0,'sawant.ankita.hr','Ankita','Sawant','hr.sawant.ankita@educracypedia.com',1,1,'2022-08-18 18:05:43.000000'),(3,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$Na3nk8Oh742MOclZgw4CA2$Eo6YHF+6PMgHt0k6fr4Kaejbiqfj4gVx1R7P5iME6ps=','2022-10-31 11:57:48.000000',0,'rahamatkar.pooja','Pooja','Rahamatkar','rahamatkar.pooja@educracypedia.com',0,0,'2022-08-18 18:13:28.000000'),(4,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$aklYQFpyPrpkdds1xDjNYW$ChoPUcav//a6McI5NLdsFxu9hSPYVnREbmVzcyF65jk=','2022-10-20 15:47:37.374271',0,'sutar.utkarsha','Utkarsha','Sutar','trainging.sutar.utkarsha@educracypedia.com',1,1,'2022-08-25 08:01:11.000000'),(5,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$E2NxIot63EbidkxAqfVaL0$eXsBWTY3qbWzUAnLYeT2GO2Wu7JDNlHKPJvyCPI1ThE=','2022-11-18 19:11:50.349655',0,'kukreja.gunjan','Gunjan','Kukreja','kukreja.gunjan@writer.educracypedia.com',1,1,'2022-09-13 05:29:28.000000'),(6,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$648UxpB9aOG0ykwYWPwnGz$Sz8EwqQMvUPWa/fNUJ31+WzyTF/KdmSnbyw5pllYQJg=','2022-11-03 12:59:57.000000',0,'sayyad.ikra','Ikra','Sayyad','sayyad.ikra@writer.educracypedia.com',0,0,'2022-09-16 15:38:39.000000'),(8,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$nNnNXjVwDsldaKQl6c3atr$ETLQyGtO3IbrYL6AX4vrph3P+4vZKeUzYP4OozczPkA=','2022-09-27 14:09:34.000000',0,'bhargava.anushka','Anushka','Bhargava','bhargava.anushka@writer.educracypedia.com',0,1,'2022-09-27 14:08:57.000000'),(9,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$qYEJoZkMX4EQS15qhl6w5T$z0XiMLsgjn9A2UdXqmHOO+eOR2Yo57R/4WblUH6Vyao=','2023-02-27 15:23:37.385241',0,'gurav.atharva','','','',1,1,'2022-10-25 14:55:56.000000'),(11,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$qNdC3l3B5rT2VfKyOuLsVH$RswT9Uv/W9jIoJwZTE3FCEQ+iO2nhxNkXJtFOAoyOm0=','2022-12-24 09:28:56.669552',0,'noor.sameena','','','',1,1,'2022-10-26 13:48:28.000000'),(12,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$dRRtnJ8AIUuJldKK9ifB7U$Fqfq9uvddZ3NbEVmAXh/w4pC2bClhtlRIh+M3JaFKPE=','2022-12-12 16:29:24.000000',0,'kulkarni.sakshi','','','kulkarni.sakshi@hr.educracypedia.com',0,0,'2022-12-12 16:27:50.000000'),(13,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$NWV7dRx5nFa5d9lyLxq8Sy$HMHfXIoBwJ3BLJQVi7rq7IFuo2ElaQ/NCWYJvvECfmw=','2023-03-31 19:07:12.359524',0,'dayal.prina','Prina','Dayal','dayal.prina@writer.educracypedia.com',1,1,'2022-12-12 16:55:40.000000'),(14,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$eBwAMEQ2Xo415WyaIN8OKZ$DU1JjX5ipxyn8TAl8tPjUtThndfOOSqgQzD/o7WGq8c=','2022-12-15 17:55:41.849251',0,'shete.vinayak','Vinayak','Shete','shete.vinayak@educracypedia.com',1,1,'2022-12-15 17:54:08.000000'),(15,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$9fbsfiT1IrEoZ61pf1iXvG$vBVToy8hfUCogRR6obXr5eK4LHc++LaZru5HU9Q9rPA=','2023-03-16 14:14:30.334915',0,'nagpurkar.kartik','','','',1,1,'2023-01-31 15:52:15.000000'),(16,'pbkdf2_sha256$260000$kjobpMicQniSPivBdg5XDu$xGLTZWtyo6pSuTuiRQzE9+U3b8ExrzX0ckJJphZb1kI=','2023-03-11 16:43:16.000000',0,'guleria.ria','Ria','Guleria','riaguleria34@gmail.com',1,1,'2023-03-11 16:38:02.000000');

--
-- Table structure for table `auth_user_groups`
--

CREATE TABLE `auth_user_groups` (
  `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `user_id` int NOT NULL,
  `group_id` int NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `auth_user_groups_user_id_group_id_94350c0c_uniq` (`user_id`,`group_id`),
  KEY `auth_user_groups_group_id_97559544_fk_auth_group_id` (`group_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `auth_user_groups_group_id_97559544_fk_auth_group_id` FOREIGN KEY (`group_id`) REFERENCES `auth_group` (`id`),
  CONSTRAINT `auth_user_groups_user_id_6a12ed8b_fk_auth_user_id` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `auth_user` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=19 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `auth_user_groups`
--

INSERT INTO `auth_user_groups` VALUES (4,1,2),(2,2,1),(3,4,1),(6,4,3),(13,5,3),(9,8,3),(10,9,4),(12,11,4),(14,12,1),(15,13,3),(16,14,1),(17,15,3),(18,16,3);

--
-- Table structure for table `auth_user_user_permissions`
--

CREATE TABLE `auth_user_user_permissions` (
  `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `user_id` int NOT NULL,
  `permission_id` int NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `auth_user_user_permissions_user_id_permission_id_14a6b632_uniq` (`user_id`,`permission_id`),
  KEY `auth_user_user_permi_permission_id_1fbb5f2c_fk_auth_perm` (`permission_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `auth_user_user_permi_permission_id_1fbb5f2c_fk_auth_perm` FOREIGN KEY (`permission_id`) REFERENCES `auth_permission` (`id`),
  CONSTRAINT `auth_user_user_permissions_user_id_a95ead1b_fk_auth_user_id` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `auth_user` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=77 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `auth_user_user_permissions`
--

INSERT INTO `auth_user_user_permissions` VALUES (1,2,5),(3,2,8),(4,2,9),(5,2,10),(6,2,12),(7,2,13),(8,2,14),(9,2,16),(10,2,81),(11,2,82),(13,2,84);

--
-- Table structure for table `blog_comment`
--

CREATE TABLE `blog_comment` (
  `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(80) NOT NULL,
  `email` varchar(254) NOT NULL,
  `body` longtext NOT NULL,
  `created_on` datetime(6) NOT NULL,
  `active` tinyint(1) NOT NULL,
  `post_id` int NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `blog_comment_post_id_580e96ef_fk` (`post_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `blog_comment_post_id_580e96ef_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`post_id`) REFERENCES `blog_post` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `blog_comment`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `blog_g_data`
--

CREATE TABLE `blog_g_data` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `data` longtext NOT NULL,
  `day` date NOT NULL,
  `created_on` datetime(6) NOT NULL,
  `slug` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `slug` (`slug`),
  UNIQUE KEY `blog_g_data_title_f8b9610f_uniq` (`title`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=87 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `blog_g_data`
--

INSERT INTO `blog_g_data` VALUES (3,'  Shannon Lucid','<p>Shannon Lucid is an American astronaut and biochemist who has spent more time in space than any other American. She was born on January 14, 1943 in Shanghai, China, but was raised in Bethany, Oklahoma. Lucid graduated from the University of Oklahoma with a degree in chemistry and later earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Oklahoma.</p><p></p><p>Lucid began her career as a researcher at NASA\'s Johnson Space Center, where she worked on the Skylab program, the first American space station. In 1978, she was selected as a NASA astronaut and flew her first mission in 1985 as a mission specialist on the space shuttle Discovery.</p><p></p><p>Over the course of her career, Lucid flew on six space missions, including two space shuttle missions and four long-duration missions aboard the Russian space station Mir. In 1996, Lucid set a world record for the longest stay in space by a woman, spending 188 days on the Mir. During this mission, she conducted a variety of experiments in space medicine, materials science, and biology.</p><p></p><p>In addition to her work as an astronaut, Lucid has been a strong advocate for education and has worked to inspire the next generation of scientists and explorers. She has written books for children and young adults about her experiences in space and has given numerous presentations to students and educators.</p><p></p><p>Lucid is a recipient of many awards, including the NASA Space Flight Medal and the NASA Exceptional Service Medal. In 2012, she was inducted into the Oklahoma Women\'s Hall of Fame.</p><p></p><p>Shannon Lucid\'s dedication to space exploration and her contributions to the scientific community have made her an inspiration to many. She has spent more than 223 days in space, breaking the record for longest time spent in space by a woman and by an American astronaut. Her achievements continue to inspire current and future generations of scientists, researchers, and explorers.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','shannon-lucid'),(4,'  Alfred Tarski','<p>Alfred Tarski (born Alfred Teitelbaum, January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983) was a Polish logician, mathematician, and philosopher, known for his work in the foundations of mathematics and logic, particularly the concept of truth in formal languages.</p><p></p><p>Tarski began his academic career at the University of Warsaw, where he earned his PhD in mathematics in 1923. He later worked at the University of Lwów and the University of Warsaw, where he developed a formal theory of truth for formal languages. This theory, known as the Tarski\'s truth definition, is widely considered to be one of the most important contributions to the field of mathematical logic.</p><p></p><p>In 1939, Tarski left Poland for the United States to escape the Nazi occupation of Poland. He taught at the University of California, Berkeley, where he continued his work on the foundations of mathematics and logic. He also worked on the theory of algebraic systems and the concept of logical consequence.</p><p></p><p>Tarski\'s work in the foundations of mathematics and logic has had a profound impact on the field, and his work on the concept of truth in formal languages has been particularly influential. His ideas have been used in a wide range of fields, including computer science, artificial intelligence, and formal semantics.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his work in logic and mathematics, Tarski was also a philosopher and was interested in the foundations of ontology and metaphysics. He published several papers on these topics, including \"The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages\" and \"The Concept of Truth in Mathematics.\"</p><p></p><p>Tarski\'s work has been honored with numerous awards and honors, including being elected as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1950. He died in 1983.</p><p></p><p>Alfred Tarski is widely considered one of the most important figures in the history of logic and mathematics. His work on the concept of truth in formal languages and his contributions to the foundations of mathematics have had a lasting impact on the field and continue to be studied and used today. Tarski\'s legacy continues to influence and inspire researchers and scholars in mathematics, logic, computer science and philosophy.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','alfred-tarski'),(5,'  Rolla N. Harger','<p>Rolla N. Harger (January 14, 1887 – October 14, 1971) was an American chemist and inventor who is best known for the development of the Drunkometer, an early breathalyzer test for measuring blood alcohol content (BAC).</p><p></p><p>Harger received his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Chicago in 1915. After a brief stint in private industry, he joined the faculty of Indiana University, where he began working on the development of a tool to measure BAC. In 1931, he developed the Drunkometer, which used a person\'s breath to measure the amount of alcohol in their bloodstream.</p><p></p><p>The Drunkometer was the first device of its kind and quickly became widely used by law enforcement agencies to measure the BAC of suspected drunk drivers. It was a simple and reliable device that was easy to use and provided accurate results.</p><p></p><p>Harger\'s invention played a significant role in the fight against drunk driving and helped to raise awareness of the dangers of driving under the influence. The Drunkometer was used in court cases as evidence of a driver\'s BAC, and its use led to the conviction of many drunk drivers.</p><p></p><p>Harger continued to work on the development of breathalyzer devices throughout his career, and in 1951 he developed the Infrared Breathalyzer, which was even more accurate than the Drunkometer.</p><p></p><p>Harger received many awards and honors for his contributions to the field of chemistry and to the fight against drunk driving. He was inducted into the Indiana Academy of Science Hall of Fame in 1971 and was awarded the National Safety Council\'s Presidential Citation.</p><p></p><p>Rolla N. Harger\'s invention of the Drunkometer was a major milestone in the fight against drunk driving. His invention helped to raise awareness of the dangers of driving under the influence and provided law enforcement with a reliable tool to measure blood alcohol content. Harger\'s legacy continues to have a positive impact on road safety and his contribution to the field of chemistry is remarkable.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','rolla-n-harger'),(6,'  Arthur Holmes','<p>Arthur Holmes (January 14, 1890 - 20 September 1965) was a British geologist and geophysicist who made significant contributions to the understanding of Earth\'s geology and geochronology. He is best known for his work on the age of the Earth, which he estimated to be around 1.6 billion years old.</p><p></p><p>Holmes began his career as a field geologist, working on mapping and studying the geology of the British Isles. In 1913, he joined the faculty of Imperial College London, where he began to focus on the study of Earth\'s history. He developed the technique of using radioactive isotopes to date rocks and minerals, which became a key tool in the study of geochronology.</p><p></p><p>In the 1920s, Holmes proposed the concept of convection in the Earth\'s mantle, which he believed was responsible for the movement of continental plates. His ideas were initially met with skepticism, but they have since been widely accepted as a key mechanism for plate tectonics.</p><p></p><p>In the 1930s, Holmes published a book, \"The Age of the Earth\" where he estimated the Earth\'s age to be around 1.6 billion years old, which was significantly older than previous estimates. His estimate was based on the study of radioactive isotopes in rocks and minerals and was a major breakthrough in the field of geochronology.</p><p></p><p>In recognition of his contributions to the field of geology, Holmes was awarded the Wollaston Medal, the highest award of the Geological Society of London, in 1944. He was also made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1952.</p><p></p><p>Arthur Holmes\'s contributions to the field of geology were groundbreaking. His work on the age of the Earth and the concept of convection in the Earth\'s mantle were major milestones in the understanding of Earth\'s history and geology. His ideas and techniques continue to shape the field of geology and his legacy will continue to inspire and guide future generations of geologists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','arthur-holmes'),(7,'  David Wesson','<p>David Wesson (January 14, 1902 – January 23, 1974) was an American physical chemist and oil industry consultant who made significant contributions to the development of the fluid catalytic cracking process, a key technology in the refining of crude oil.</p><p></p><p>Wesson received his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1927. After working as a research chemist for several oil companies, he established his own consulting firm, Wesson & Associates, in 1940.</p><p></p><p>During his career, Wesson made several important contributions to the field of oil refining, particularly in the area of fluid catalytic cracking. This process, which uses a fluidized bed of catalytic particles to crack heavy hydrocarbons into lighter, more valuable products, is one of the most widely used methods for refining crude oil.</p><p></p><p>Wesson\'s work on fluid catalytic cracking led to the development of several new catalysts and process improvements, which helped to increase the efficiency and profitability of the oil refining industry.</p><p></p><p>Wesson was also a prolific author and lecturer, and was a regular contributor to scientific journals and industry publications. He was awarded several patents for his inventions and was recognized with numerous awards and honors for his contributions to the field of oil refining.</p><p></p><p>David Wesson was a pioneer in the field of oil refining and his contributions to the development of the fluid catalytic cracking process were significant. His work helped to revolutionize the oil refining industry, making it more efficient and profitable. His legacy continues to shape the industry today and his ideas and techniques continue to inspire researchers and engineers in the field of chemical engineering.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','david-wesson'),(8,'  Matthew Fontaine Maury','<p>Matthew Fontaine Maury (January 14, 1806 – February 1, 1873) was an American naval officer and oceanographer who made significant contributions to the field of oceanography and meteorology. He is known as the \"Pathfinder of the Seas\" for his pioneering work in charting ocean currents and winds, which helped to revolutionize marine navigation and commerce.</p><p></p><p>Maury began his career as a naval officer, serving in the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War. During this time, he became interested in the study of oceanography and began to collect data on ocean currents and winds. He compiled this data into the first comprehensive chart of ocean currents, which was published in 1847 and quickly became an important resource for sailors and navigators.</p><p></p><p>Maury also developed a system of telegraphic weather reporting, which allowed for real-time weather information to be shared between ships at sea and coastal stations. This system greatly improved the safety and efficiency of marine navigation.</p><p></p><p>In 1855, Maury resigned from the navy to become the superintendent of the United States Naval Observatory\'s Depot of Charts and Instruments, where he continued his work on oceanography and meteorology. He wrote several books on the subject, including \"The Physical Geography of the Sea\" and \"Sailing Directions for the Gulf of Mexico.\"</p><p></p><p>Maury\'s contributions to the field of oceanography and meteorology have had a lasting impact on the field. His work in charting ocean currents and winds helped to revolutionize marine navigation and commerce, and his system of telegraphic weather reporting greatly improved the safety and efficiency of marine navigation. He was honored by many countries, including the United States, Great Britain, France, Russia, and Germany and was a member of many prestigious academies, including the National Academy of Sciences.</p><p></p><p>Matthew Fontaine Maury\'s contributions to the field of oceanography and meteorology were groundbreaking. His pioneering work in charting ocean currents and winds helped to revolutionize marine navigation and commerce. His ideas and techniques continue to shape the field of oceanography and meteorology and his legacy continues to inspire and guide future generations of oceanographers and meteorologists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','matthew-fontaine-maury'),(9,'  Adolphe-ThÃ©odore Brongniart','<p>Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart (January 14, 1801 – January 23, 1876) was a French geologist and paleontologist who made significant contributions to the study of the Earth\'s history and fossil record. He is best known for his work on the geology of the Paris Basin, where he made important discoveries in the field of stratigraphy and paleontology.</p><p></p><p>Brongniart began his career as a mining engineer, but soon turned his attention to the study of geology and paleontology. He became a professor of geology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris in 1825, where he worked for more than 50 years.</p><p></p><p>Brongniart\'s work on the geology of the Paris Basin was particularly notable. He studied the stratigraphy and fossil record of the region, and made important discoveries in the field of stratigraphy, including the identification of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. He also studied the fossil record of the region and made important contributions to our understanding of the evolution of plants and animals during this time period.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his work on the Paris Basin, Brongniart also made important contributions to the study of fossil plants. He published several books on the subject, including \"Histoire des végétaux fossiles\" and \"Traité élémentaire de paléontologie végétale\".</p><p></p><p>Brongniart was a highly respected figure in the field of geology and paleontology, and was honored with many awards and honors for his contributions. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and was awarded the Wollaston Medal, the highest award of the Geological Society of London.</p><p></p><p>Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart was a pioneering geologist and paleontologist whose work on the geology of the Paris Basin and on fossil plants made significant contributions to the field of Earth\'s history and fossil record. His ideas and techniques continue to shape the field of geology and paleontology and his legacy continues to inspire and guide future generations of geologists and paleontologists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','adolphe-tha-c-odore-brongniart'),(10,'  Dennis Flanagan','<p>Dennis Flanagan (January 14, 1918 – May 12, 2005) was an American editor, publisher and scientist who made significant contributions to the fields of science and scientific publishing. He is best known for his tenure as editor-in-chief of Scientific American, a position he held for more than 25 years.</p><p></p><p>Flanagan began his career in science as a research physicist at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II. After the war, he left the laboratory to pursue a career in publishing.</p><p></p><p>In 1952, Flanagan joined the staff of Scientific American as an editor. He quickly rose through the ranks and was appointed editor-in-chief in 1956. During his tenure, he transformed the magazine into one of the most respected and influential science publications in the world. He emphasized the importance of clear, accurate and accessible science writing, and under his leadership, the magazine won numerous awards for excellence in journalism.</p><p></p><p>Flanagan was also a prolific author and lecturer, and was a regular contributor to scientific journals and publications. He wrote several books on science and scientific publishing, including \"The Science of Science Writing\" and \"The Sciences: An Integrated Approach.\"</p><p></p><p>In recognition of his contributions to the field of science and scientific publishing, Flanagan was awarded many awards and honors. He was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was awarded the National Science Board\'s Public Service Award.</p><p></p><p>Dennis Flanagan was a renowned editor, publisher, and scientist who made significant contributions to the field of science and scientific publishing. His tenure at Scientific American helped to establish the magazine as one of the most respected and influential science publications in the world. His ideas and techniques continue to shape the field of science journalism and his legacy continues to inspire and guide future generations of science writers and editors.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','dennis-flanagan'),(11,'  Kurt GÃ¶del','<p>Kurt Gödel (April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was an Austrian-American logician, mathematician, and philosopher, widely considered to be one of the most significant logicians of the 20th century. He is best known for his incompleteness theorems, which proved that any formal system powerful enough to express the basic concepts of arithmetic must contain statements that cannot be proven either true or false within the system.</p><p></p><p>Gödel began his academic career at the University of Vienna, where he earned his Ph.D. in mathematical logic in 1929. He later worked at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, where he made his most significant contributions to the field of logic and mathematics.</p><p></p><p>In 1931, Gödel published his incompleteness theorems, which proved that any formal system powerful enough to express the basic concepts of arithmetic must contain statements that cannot be proven either true or false within the system. This result had a profound impact on the foundations of mathematics, and led to the development of new branches of logic, such as proof theory and modal logic.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his work in logic and mathematics, Gödel also made important contributions to the field of philosophy, particularly in the areas of metaphysics and the philosophy of mathematics. He wrote several papers on these subjects, including \"What is Cantor\'s Continuum Problem?\" and \"A Remark about the Relationship between Relativity Theory and Idealistic Philosophy.\"</p><p></p><p>Gödel\'s contributions to the field of logic and mathematics were groundbreaking and his incompleteness theorems had a profound impact on the foundations of mathematics. He was honored with many awards and honors for his contributions, including the National Medal of Science and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Gödel\'s legacy continues to shape the field of logic and mathematics and his ideas continue to inspire and guide future generations of logicians and mathematicians.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','kurt-gapdel'),(12,'  Eliot Blackwelder','<p>I\'m sorry, I was not able to find any notable information about a person named Eliot Blackwelder. Could you please provide more context or details about this person? I would be happy to research and write an article about him or her based on the information provided.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','eliot-blackwelder'),(13,'  Sergey Pavlovich Korolev','<p>Sergey Pavlovich Korolev (January 12, 1907 – January 14, 1966) was a Soviet aerospace engineer and designer who is considered the father of practical astronautics. He was the chief designer of the Soviet space program and played a key role in the development of the first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the first satellite, and the first human spaceflight.</p><p></p><p>Korolev began his career as a rocket engineer in the 1920s and was a member of the Soviet Rocket Society, which was founded to develop and promote the use of rockets in the Soviet Union. In the 1930s, he was arrested and sentenced to a labor camp for his involvement in the society, but was released in 1944 and began working on the development of the ICBM.</p><p></p><p>In 1957, Korolev\'s team successfully launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, into orbit. This achievement was a major milestone in the Cold War, and demonstrated the Soviet Union\'s technological capabilities to the world. The following year, Korolev\'s team launched the first human spaceflight, sending Yuri Gagarin into orbit.</p><p></p><p>Korolev\'s team continued to make important contributions to the Soviet space program, including the development of the Vostok and Voskhod spacecraft, and the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova. He also played a key role in the development of the Soyuz spacecraft, which is still in use today.</p><p></p><p>Korolev\'s contributions to the field of astronautics were groundbreaking, and his achievements in the Soviet space program helped to establish the Soviet Union as a major player in the space race. He was honored with many awards and honors for his contributions, including the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, which is the highest civilian award in the Soviet Union. Korolev\'s legacy continues to shape the field of astronautics and his ideas continue to inspire and guide future generations of space engineers and scientists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','sergey-pavlovich-korolev'),(14,'  Siegfried F. Nadel','<p>Siegfried F. Nadel (January 14, 1902 – June 4, 1988) was an Austrian-British anthropologist and ethologist who made significant contributions to the study of human behavior and social organization. He is best known for his research on the Nuer, a pastoralist ethnic group in Sudan, where he documented their social organization, religious practices, and economic system, in his book \"Nuer Religion\".</p><p></p><p>Nadel began his academic career at the University of Vienna, where he earned his Ph.D. in anthropology in 1927. He later worked at the London School of Economics, where he conducted extensive fieldwork in Africa, focusing on the study of human behavior and social organization.</p><p></p><p>In the 1930s, Nadel conducted fieldwork among the Nuer people in Sudan, where he documented their social organization, religious practices, and economic system. He published his findings in the book \"Nuer Religion\" in 1956, which is considered a classic in the field of anthropology. The book has been translated into several languages and continues to be widely read and cited by anthropologists, sociologists and other social scientists.</p><p></p><p>Nadel\'s research on the Nuer people helped to establish the study of pastoralist societies as an important subfield within anthropology, and his work on the Nuer religion continues to be influential in the study of religion and symbolism.</p><p></p><p>Nadel\'s contributions to the field of anthropology were groundbreaking and he was recognized for his contributions with several awards and honors. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy, and was awarded the Rivers Memorial Medal by the Royal Anthropological Institute in 1982.</p><p></p><p>Siegfried F. Nadel was a pioneering anthropologist and ethologist whose research on the Nuer people helped to establish the study of pastoralist societies as an important subfield within anthropology. His work on the Nuer religion continues to be influential in the study of religion and symbolism. His ideas and techniques continue to shape the field of anthropology and his legacy continues to inspire and guide future generations of anthropologists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','siegfried-f-nadel'),(15,'  Harry Stack Sullivan','<p>Harry Stack Sullivan (February 21, 1892 – January 14, 1949) was an American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who made significant contributions to the field of psychiatry and the understanding of interpersonal relationships. He is best known for his development of the interpersonal theory of psychiatry, which emphasized the importance of social and cultural factors in the understanding and treatment of mental illness.</p><p></p><p>Sullivan began his career as a psychiatrist at the Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital in Maryland, where he developed an interest in the study of interpersonal relationships. In the 1920s, he began to develop his interpersonal theory of psychiatry, which emphasized the importance of social and cultural factors in the understanding and treatment of mental illness.</p><p></p><p>In the 1930s, Sullivan moved to New York City, where he established the Washington Square Institute for Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis. He also published several influential books on psychiatry and interpersonal relationships, including \"The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry\" and \"The Psychiatric Interview\".</p><p></p><p>Sullivan\'s work on the interpersonal theory of psychiatry was groundbreaking, and his ideas helped to shape the field of psychiatry and the understanding of interpersonal relationships. His emphasis on the importance of social and cultural factors in the understanding and treatment of mental illness was ahead of its time and continues to be influential in the field of psychiatry today.</p><p></p><p>In recognition of his contributions to the field of psychiatry, Sullivan was awarded several awards and honors, including the Gold Medal for Research in Psychiatry from the American Psychiatric Association and the Presidential Citation from the American Psychological Association.</p><p></p><p>Harry Stack Sullivan\'s contributions to the field of psychiatry were groundbreaking, and his interpersonal theory of psychiatry helped to shape the field and the understanding of interpersonal relationships. His ideas continue to shape the field of psychiatry and his legacy continues to inspire and guide future generations of psychiatrists and psychoanalysts.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','harry-stack-sullivan'),(16,'  Paul Vieille','<p>I\'m sorry, I was not able to find any notable information about a person named Paul Vieille. Could you please provide more context or details about this person? I would be happy to research and write an article about him or her based on the information provided.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','paul-vieille'),(17,'  Sir Robert Jones','<p>Sir Robert Jones (January 14,1857 - June 5,1933) was a Welsh orthopedic surgeon and pioneer in the field of orthopedic surgery. He is best known for his contributions to the treatment of fractures, the development of the Thomas splint, and his role in the rehabilitation of soldiers during World War I.</p><p></p><p>Jones began his career as an orthopedic surgeon in London, where he quickly established himself as a leading expert in the treatment of fractures. He was an early advocate of the use of plaster of Paris casts to immobilize fractures, and developed the Thomas splint, which is still used today to treat fractures of the thigh bone.</p><p></p><p>In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, Jones was appointed as consultant orthopedic surgeon to the British Expeditionary Force. He played a key role in the rehabilitation of soldiers who had been injured during the war, and established several hospitals for the treatment of orthopedic injuries.</p><p></p><p>Jones\'s contributions to the field of orthopedic surgery were groundbreaking, and his work on the treatment of fractures and the development of the Thomas splint had a significant impact on the field. He was honored with many awards and honors for his contributions, including a knighthood in 1918 and the Presidential Gold Medal from the Royal College of Surgeons in 1922.</p><p></p><p>Sir Robert Jones was a pioneering orthopedic surgeon whose contributions to the field of orthopedic surgery were groundbreaking. His work on the treatment of fractures and the development of the Thomas splint had a significant impact on the field and continue to be used today. His legacy continues to shape the field of orthopedic surgery and his ideas continue to inspire and guide future generations of orthopedic surgeons.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','sir-robert-jones'),(18,'  Fernand-Isidore Widal','<p>Fernand-Isidore Widal (January 14, 1862 – March 23, 1929) was a French physician and bacteriologist who made significant contributions to the field of microbiology and the diagnosis of infectious diseases. He is best known for the development of the Widal test, a diagnostic test for typhoid fever, which is still widely used today.</p><p></p><p>Widal began his career as a physician and bacteriologist at the Hôpital Saint-Antoine in Paris, where he focused his research on the diagnosis of infectious diseases. In 1896, he developed the Widal test, which is a diagnostic test for typhoid fever that detects the presence of antibodies to the bacteria that causes the disease. The test was quickly adopted and became widely used in the diagnosis of typhoid fever.</p><p></p><p>In addition to the development of the Widal test, Widal also made significant contributions to the field of microbiology and the diagnosis of other infectious diseases. He published several books and articles on the subject, including \"Les fièvres typhoïdes\" and \"Le diagnostic des maladies infectieuses\".</p><p></p><p>Widal\'s contributions to the field of microbiology and the diagnosis of infectious diseases were groundbreaking, and his development of the Widal test had a significant impact on the field. He was honored with many awards and honors for his contributions, including the Légion d\'honneur and the Grand Prix de l\'Académie de Médecine.</p><p></p><p>Fernand-Isidore Widal was a pioneering physician and bacteriologist whose contributions to the field of microbiology and the diagnosis of infectious diseases were groundbreaking. His development of the Widal test, a diagnostic test for typhoid fever, had a significant impact on the field and continues to be widely used today. His legacy continues to shape the field of microbiology and the diagnosis of infectious diseases, and his ideas continue to inspire and guide future generations of physicians and bacteriologists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','fernand-isidore-widal'),(19,'  Jacob Volhard','<p>Jacob Volhard (January 14, 1834 – January 12, 1910) was a German chemist who made significant contributions to the field of organic chemistry. He is best known for the Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation, a widely used method for the introduction of halogens into organic compounds.</p><p></p><p>Volhard began his career as a chemist at the University of Berlin, where he earned his Ph.D. in chemistry in 1857. He later worked at the University of Heidelberg, where he carried out research on organic chemistry.</p><p></p><p>In 1881, Volhard and his colleague, Emil Zelinsky, published a paper describing a method for the introduction of halogens into organic compounds, known as the Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation. The method involves the reaction of an organic compound with a halogen in the presence of a metallic catalyst. The method is widely used in the synthesis of organic compounds and is considered one of the most important methods in the field of organic chemistry.</p><p></p><p>In addition to the Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation, Volhard also made important contributions to the field of organic chemistry through his research on the chemistry of nitrogen compounds and the chemistry of fats and oils. He published several books and articles on these subjects, including \"Die Chemie der Stickstoffverbindungen\" and \"Die Chemie der Fette und Öle\".</p><p></p><p>Volhard\'s contributions to the field of organic chemistry were groundbreaking, and his development of the Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation had a significant impact on the field. He was honored with many awards and honors for his contributions, including the Liebig Memorial Medal from the German Chemical Society.</p><p></p><p>Jacob Volhard was a pioneering chemist whose contributions to the field of organic chemistry were groundbreaking. His development of the Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation, a widely used method for the introduction of halogens into organic compounds, had a significant impact on the field and continues to be widely used today. His legacy continues to shape the field of organic chemistry and his ideas continue to inspire and guide future generations of chemists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','jacob-volhard'),(20,'  Ernst Abbe','<p>Ernst Abbe (January 23, 1840 – January 14, 1905) was a German physicist, optical scientist, and entrepreneur who made significant contributions to the field of optics. He is best known for his work on the theory of image formation in microscopes and telescopes, and for his development of the Abbe sine condition, which is widely used in the design of optical systems. He was also a key figure in the founding of the Carl Zeiss Jena company, which is still a major player in the field of optics today.</p><p></p><p>Abbe began his career as a physicist and optical scientist at the University of Jena, where he earned his Ph.D. in physics in 1866. He later worked at the Carl Zeiss Jena company, which was founded by Carl Zeiss in 1846, where he carried out research on optics.</p><p></p><p>In 1873, Abbe published a paper describing the theory of image formation in microscopes and telescopes, which is now known as the Abbe theory of image formation. He also developed the Abbe sine condition, which is widely used in the design of optical systems. The Abbe sine condition states that the sine of the angle of incidence of a light beam on a refracting surface must be equal to the sine of the angle of refraction, multiplied by the refractive index of the medium.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his work on optics, Abbe was also a key figure in the founding of the Carl Zeiss Jena company. He helped to develop the company into a major player in the field of optics, and it is still a leading manufacturer of optical instruments today.</p><p></p><p>Abbe\'s contributions to the field of optics were groundbreaking, and his work on the theory of image formation in microscopes and telescopes, and his development of the Abbe sine condition, had a significant impact on the field. He was honored with many awards and honors for his contributions, including the Copley Medal from the Royal Society in 1900.</p><p></p><p>Ernst Abbe was a pioneering physicist, optical scientist, and entrepreneur whose contributions to the field of optics were groundbreaking. His work on the theory of image formation in microscopes and telescopes</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','ernst-abbe'),(21,'  Cato Maximilian Guldberg','<p>Cato Maximilian Guldberg (January 14, 1836 – October 1, 1902) was a Norwegian chemist who made significant contributions to the field of thermodynamics and physical chemistry. He is best known for his work on the thermodynamics of solutions, and for his development of the Guldberg-Waage law, which describes the relationship between the concentrations of dissolved ions in a solution and their activity.</p><p></p><p>Guldberg began his career as a chemist at the Royal Frederick University in Christiania, which is now known as the University of Oslo, where he earned his Ph.D. in chemistry in 1865. He later worked at the University of Copenhagen, where he carried out research on thermodynamics and physical chemistry.</p><p></p><p>In 1879, Guldberg and his colleague, Peter Waage, published a paper describing the relationship between the concentrations of dissolved ions in a solution and their activity, which is now known as the Guldberg-Waage law. The law states that the activity of a solute in a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the solute, and inversely proportional to the activity of the solvent.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his work on thermodynamics and physical chemistry, Guldberg also made important contributions to the field of electrochemistry, particularly in the area of galvanic cells and the thermodynamics of electrochemical systems. He published several books and articles on these subjects, including \"Thermodynamik der Lösungen\" and \"Die Galvanische Zelle\".</p><p></p><p>Guldberg\'s contributions to the field of thermodynamics and physical chemistry were groundbreaking, and his development of the Guldberg-Waage law had a significant impact on the field. He was honored with many awards and honors for</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','cato-maximilian-guldberg'),(22,'  Charles Hermite','<p>Charles Hermite (December 24, 1822 – January 14, 1901) was a French mathematician who made significant contributions to the field of number theory and algebra. He is best known for his work on the theory of elliptic functions, and for his proof of the general law of quadratic reciprocity, which is a fundamental result in the theory of numbers. He was also the first to prove that e, the base of the natural logarithm, is a transcendental number, which means it is not the root of any algebraic equation with rational coefficients.</p><p></p><p>Hermite began his career as a mathematician at the École Polytechnique in Paris, where he earned his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1847. He later worked at the Collège de France, where he carried out research on number theory and algebra.</p><p></p><p>In 1858, Hermite proved that e, the base of the natural logarithm, is a transcendental number, which means it is not the root of any algebraic equation with rational coefficients. This proved that e is a unique mathematical constant that can not be defined by any algebraic equation, and it was a important step in the development of the theory of functions.</p><p></p><p>In 1873 Hermite proved the general law of quadratic reciprocity, which is a fundamental result in the theory of numbers. The law deals with the solvability of certain types of equations involving prime numbers, and it is considered one of the most important results in the theory of numbers.</p><p></p><p>Hermite\'s contributions to the field of number theory and algebra were groundbreaking, and his proof of the general law of quadratic reciprocity and the transcendence of e had a significant impact on the field. He was honored with many awards and honors for his</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','charles-hermite'),(23,'  Lewis Carroll','<p>Lewis Carroll (January 27, 1832 – January 14, 1898) was the pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. He is best known for his novels, \"Alice\'s Adventures in Wonderland\" and \"Through the Looking-Glass,\" which have been translated into many languages, and adapted into various films, stage productions, and other media. He is also famous for his poem \"Jabberwocky\" and his use of wordplay and logic in his works.</p><p></p><p>Carroll began his career as a mathematician and logician at Christ Church, Oxford University, where he earned his degree in mathematics in 1854. While there, he began to write and tell stories to the children of the college, including the daughter of the Dean, Alice Liddell. It was the stories he told her that would later become \"Alice\'s Adventures in Wonderland\". He published the book under the pen name Lewis Carroll in 1865.</p><p></p><p>\"Alice\'s Adventures in Wonderland\" and its sequel, \"Through the Looking-Glass,\" are considered classics of children\'s literature and have been translated into over 100 languages. The books feature imaginative and fantastical stories, filled with vivid characters and wordplay, and have captivated readers of all ages for over 150 years. He also wrote many other books, including \"Sylvie and Bruno\" and \"The Hunting of the Snark\" which also featured his love for logic and wordplay.</p><p></p><p>Carroll was also a talented photographer, and his photographs of children, including Alice Liddell, are still widely admired today. He was also an active member of the Oxford community, and an Anglican deacon.</p><p></p><p>Lewis Carroll was a versatile and imaginative author, mathematician, logician and photographer who left an indelible mark on literature and culture with his beloved classics Alice\'s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. His use of wordplay, logic and imagination has been an inspiration to generations of readers and writers. His legacy continues to be celebrated and studied today and his creations will live on forever.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','lewis-carroll'),(24,'  Benjamin Silliman Jr.','<p>Benjamin Silliman Jr. (January 14, 1816 – November 24, 1885) was an American chemist and geologist who made significant contributions to the field of chemistry and geology. He is best known for his research on the chemistry of petroleum and natural gas, and for his work on the geology of North America.</p><p></p><p>Silliman Jr. began his career as a chemist and geologist at Yale College, where he earned his Ph.D. in chemistry in 1837. He later worked at the American Journal of Science and Arts, where he published several articles on the chemistry of petroleum and natural gas.</p><p></p><p>In 1855, Silliman Jr. published a paper on the geology of North America, in which he described the distribution of coal, oil, and natural gas in the continent. He also published several papers on the geology of New England and the Appalachian Mountains.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his work on the chemistry of petroleum and natural gas, and the geology of North America, Silliman Jr. also made important contributions to the field of mineralogy. He published several books and articles on the subject, including \"Elements of Mineralogy\" and \"Manual of Mineralogy\".</p><p></p><p>Silliman Jr.\'s contributions to the field of chemistry and geology were groundbreaking, and his research on the chemistry of petroleum and natural gas, and his work on the geology of North America had a significant impact on the field. He was honored with many awards and honors for his contributions, including the Wollaston Medal from the Geological Society of London.</p><p></p><p>Benjamin Silliman Jr. was a pioneering chemist and geologist whose contributions to the field of chemistry and geology were groundbreaking. His research on the chemistry of petroleum and natural gas, and his work on the geology of North America had a significant impact on the field. His legacy continues to shape the field of chemistry and geology, and his</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','benjamin-silliman-jr'),(25,'  Johann Philipp Reis','<p>Johann Philipp Reis (January 7, 1834 – January 14, 1874) was a German scientist and inventor who made significant contributions to the field of telecommunications. He is best known for his invention of the telephone transmitter, which is a key component of the telephone, and for his development of the first telephone-like device, which he called the \"Telefon.\"</p><p></p><p>Reis began his career as a scientist and inventor in Frankfurt, where he carried out research on electricity and sound. In 1861, he presented a paper on the transmission of sound by electricity, in which he described his invention of the telephone transmitter, which converts sound into electrical signals that can be transmitted over a distance.</p><p></p><p>Reis continued to work on his invention and in 1863, he demonstrated the first telephone-like device, which he called the \"Telefon,\" at the Frankfurt Physical Society. The device was able to transmit sound over a distance of about 20 feet (6 meters) and was able to reproduce the sound clearly.</p><p></p><p>Reis\'s invention of the telephone transmitter and the demonstration of the first telephone-like device were groundbreaking, and his contributions to the field of telecommunications had a significant impact. Although Alexander Graham Bell is credited with inventing the telephone, Reis\'s invention of the transmitter was a key component of the telephone and it was an important step in the development of the telephone.</p><p></p><p>Johann Philipp Reis was a pioneering scientist and inventor whose contributions to the field of telecommunications were groundbreaking. His invention of the telephone transmitter and the demonstration of the first telephone-like device were important steps in the development of the telephone. Despite not being credited as the inventor of the telephone, his</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','johann-philipp-reis'),(26,'  Colin Maclaurin','<p>Colin Maclaurin (February 16, 1698 – June 14, 1746) was a Scottish mathematician who made significant contributions to the fields of mathematics and physics. He is best known for his work on the theory of infinite series, and for his development of Maclaurin\'s Theorem, which is widely used in calculus. He also made important contributions to the study of the properties of light, and to the study of the behavior of fluids.</p><p></p><p>Maclaurin began his career as a mathematician at the University of Edinburgh, where he earned his degree in mathematics in 1717. He later worked at the University of St. Andrews, where he carried out research on mathematics and physics.</p><p></p><p>In 1742, Maclaurin published \"Treatise of Fluxions,\" which is a treatise on calculus. In it, he developed Maclaurin\'s Theorem, which states that if a function is infinitely differentiable at a point, then its Taylor series expansion about that point is equal to the function itself. This theorem is widely used in calculus and is still an important tool in mathematical analysis.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his work on calculus, Maclaurin also made important contributions to the study of the properties of light, and to the study of the behavior of fluids. He published several books and articles on these subjects, including \"Account of Sir Isaac Newton\'s Philosophical Discoveries\" and \"An Essay on the Properties of Light and Colours\".</p><p></p><p>Maclaurin\'s contributions to the fields of mathematics and physics were groundbreaking, and his development of Maclaurin\'s Theorem had a significant impact on the field. He was honored with many awards and honors for his contributions, including being elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1722.</p><p></p><p>Colin Maclaurin was a pioneering mathematician and physicist whose contributions to the fields of mathematics</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','colin-maclaurin'),(27,'  Edmond Halley','<p>Edmond Halley (November 8, 1656 – January 14, 1742) was an English astronomer, mathematician, meteorologist and physicist who made significant contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and physics. He is best known for his prediction of the return of the comet that now bears his name, Halley\'s Comet. He also made important contributions to the study of the Earth\'s magnetic field, the tides, and the atmosphere.</p><p></p><p>Halley began his career as an astronomer and mathematician at the University of Oxford, where he earned his degree in mathematics in 1673. He later worked at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, where he carried out research on astronomy and mathematics.</p><p></p><p>In 1705, Halley published a paper in which he predicted the return of a comet that had been observed in 1531, 1607, and 1682. He correctly predicted that the comet would return in 1758, and it was subsequently named Halley\'s Comet in his honor.</p><p></p><p>Halley also made important contributions to the study of the Earth\'s magnetic field, the tides, and the atmosphere. He published several books and articles on these subjects, including \"An Account of the Cause of the Change of the Variation of the Magnetic Needle\" and \"An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind.\"</p><p></p><p>Halley\'s contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and physics were groundbreaking, and his prediction of the return of Halley\'s Comet had a significant impact on the field. He was honored with many awards and honors for his contributions, including being elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1678.</p><p></p><p>Edmond Halley was a pioneering astronomer, mathematician, meteorologist and physicist whose contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and physics were groundbreaking. His prediction of the return of Halley\'s Comet had a significant impact on the field</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','edmond-halley'),(28,'  Huygens probe lands on Titan','<p>Huygens probe is a European Space Agency (ESA) spacecraft that was sent to explore Saturn\'s largest moon, Titan. It was launched on December 25, 1997, as part of the Cassini–Huygens mission, which was a collaboration between NASA, ESA, and the Italian Space Agency (ASI). The probe landed on Titan on January 14, 2005, and it was the first spacecraft to land on a celestial body in the outer solar system.</p><p></p><p>The Huygens probe was designed to study the atmosphere and surface of Titan, which is of great interest to scientists due to its similarities to Earth. The probe was equipped with a variety of instruments, including a descent imager/spectral radiometer (DISR), which took pictures of the surface during the descent, a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS), which analyzed the composition of the atmosphere, and a Doppler wind experiment (DWE), which measured the winds on Titan.</p><p></p><p>The probe successfully landed on the surface of Titan on January 14, 2005, and it transmitted data back to Earth for about 90 minutes before the batteries ran out. The data collected by the probe provided valuable information about the atmosphere and surface of Titan, including the presence of methane lakes, the existence of a liquid methane cycle, and the presence of a thick, hazy atmosphere.</p><p></p><p>The Huygens probe was a significant achievement for the European Space Agency and its partners, and it provided valuable information about the atmosphere and surface of Titan. The probe\'s successful landing on Titan marked the first time that a spacecraft had landed on a celestial body in the outer solar system, and it opened up a new area of study for scientists.</p><p></p><p>Huygens probe was a successful mission, it opened up a new area of study for scientists and provided valuable information about the atmosphere and surface of Titan. The probe\'s successful landing on Titan marked the first time that a spacecraft had landed on a celestial body in the outer solar system.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','huygens-probe-lands-on-titan'),(29,'  Aristotle\'s lyceum found','<p>Aristotle\'s Lyceum, also known as the Peripatetic School, was a school of philosophy and learning in ancient Greece that was founded by Aristotle in 335 BCE. The school was known for its emphasis on the study of natural sciences, and for its method of teaching, which involved walking and discussing ideas while moving around, from which the name \"Peripatetic\" is derived.</p><p></p><p>For centuries, the location of the Lyceum was not known, but in 1996, a team of archaeologists discovered the remains of the school in Athens, Greece. The remains, which include a large courtyard, a stoa (a covered walkway), and lecture halls, were found near the modern-day city center, close to the Ilissos River.</p><p></p><p>The discovery of the Lyceum was a major achievement for classical archaeology and provided a glimpse into the ancient world of learning and philosophy. It revealed that the Lyceum was not just a school but also a research center and cultural hub where philosophers, scientists, and scholars would come to learn and exchange ideas. The remains of the Lyceum also revealed that it was a grandiose complex, built on a large scale and that it was built to be impressive and grand.</p><p></p><p>The Lyceum was an important institution in the ancient world, and Aristotle\'s teachings and method of teaching at the Lyceum had a significant impact on the development of Western philosophy and science. The discovery of the Lyceum provided a glimpse into the ancient world of learning and philosophy and it was a major achievement for classical archaeology.</p><p></p><p>The discovery of Aristotle\'s Lyceum was a significant moment in the study of ancient Greek history, providing insight into the workings of the famous philosopher\'s school and the ancient world of learning and philosophy. The remains of the Lyceum also revealed that it was a grandiose complex, built on a large scale and that it was built to be impressive and grand.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','aristotle-s-lyceum-found'),(30,'  L-Dopa','<p>L-Dopa, also known as levodopa, is a medication used to treat Parkinson\'s disease, a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. Parkinson\'s disease is caused by a deficiency of dopamine, a chemical messenger in the brain that helps control movement and coordination. L-Dopa is converted into dopamine in the brain, and it helps to increase the levels of dopamine in the brain, thereby improving the symptoms of Parkinson\'s disease.</p><p></p><p>L-Dopa was first synthesized in 1911, but its use as a treatment for Parkinson\'s disease was not discovered until the 1960s. It was then found to be an effective treatment for the disorder, and it quickly became the standard treatment for Parkinson\'s disease.</p><p></p><p>L-Dopa is usually administered in combination with carbidopa, a drug that prevents the breakdown of L-Dopa in the bloodstream, allowing more of it to reach the brain. The combination of L-Dopa and carbidopa is known as Sinemet.</p><p></p><p>L-Dopa is effective in treating the symptoms of Parkinson\'s disease, including tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with movement and coordination. It can also help to improve mood and cognitive function in people with Parkinson\'s disease.</p><p></p><p>However, long-term use of L-Dopa can lead to some side effects, such as dyskinesia (involuntary movements), confusion, hallucinations, and changes in mood or behavior. Additionally, over time, the effectiveness of L-Dopa may decrease, and the dosage may need to be increased.</p><p></p><p>Overall, L-Dopa is an important medication for the treatment of Parkinson\'s disease, and it has helped to improve the quality of life for many people with the disorder. However, it is important for patients to work closely</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','l-dopa'),(31,'  Ford\'s assembly line','<p>Ford\'s assembly line is an industrial production method developed by the American car manufacturer, Ford Motor Company, in the early 20th century. The assembly line revolutionized the automobile manufacturing industry by increasing the efficiency and speed of production, and it played a major role in making cars more affordable and accessible to the general public.</p><p></p><p>The assembly line concept was first introduced by Ransom Olds in 1901 in his Oldsmobile factory, but it was Ford who truly perfected and popularized the method. Ford\'s assembly line used conveyor belts to move the cars through the factory while various workers performed specific tasks at each station. This allowed for the efficient and repetitive assembly of car parts, greatly reducing the amount of time and labor required to build a car.</p><p></p><p>Before the assembly line, cars were built by skilled craftsmen, one at a time, and the process was time-consuming and expensive. The assembly line allowed Ford to build cars faster and at a lower cost, which made them more affordable to the average person.</p><p></p><p>In 1913, Ford introduced the moving assembly line in his Highland Park, Michigan factory. The assembly line quickly became the industry standard, and it was soon adopted by other car manufacturers. Ford\'s assembly line was so efficient that it allowed the company to produce a Model T car in just 93 minutes, compared to the 12 hours it took previously.</p><p></p><p>Ford\'s assembly line had a profound impact on the automobile industry and on society as a whole. It increased the efficiency and speed of production, making cars more affordable and accessible to the general public. The assembly line also led to the development of other mass production techniques, such as interchangeable parts and the use of specialized tools and machinery, which further improved the efficiency of production.</p><p></p><p>Ford\'s assembly line is widely considered to be one of the most significant innovations of the 20th century and it changed the way of manufacturing and brought the car from a luxury item to a household essential. It also led to a significant increase in the standard of living for many people, and it played a major role in shaping the modern world as we know it today.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','ford-s-assembly-line'),(32,'  Telephone','<p>The telephone is a device that allows people to communicate with each other over long distances using the telephone network. It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, and it quickly became one of the most important inventions of the 19th century. Bell\'s invention, which he called the \"telephone,\" was the first successful device that could transmit speech electrically.</p><p></p><p>Bell\'s invention was the culmination of many years of research and experimentation in the field of electrical communication. He had been working on the idea of an electrical speech transmitter since the early 1870s, and he filed for a patent for the telephone on February 14, 1876. The patent was granted on March 7, 1876, and Bell\'s invention was officially born.</p><p></p><p>The first telephone call was made on March 10, 1876, when Bell called his assistant, Thomas Watson, in another room and said, \"Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.\" This simple exchange marked the birth of a new era of communication and set the stage for the widespread adoption of the telephone.</p><p></p><p>At first, the telephone was primarily used for business communication, but it soon found its way into homes and became an important tool for personal communication as well. The telephone network quickly grew, and by the end of the 19th century, it had become an essential part of daily life.</p><p></p><p>The telephone has undergone many changes and improvements since it was first invented. Today, telephones are available in a variety of forms, including traditional landlines, mobile phones, and VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) phones. These devices allow people to communicate not only with voice but also with text, video, and data.</p><p></p><p>The telephone is one of the most important inventions of all time. It has revolutionized the way we communicate and has had a profound impact on society. It has changed the way we live, work, and interact with one another. The telephone has become an essential tool for personal and business communication and continues to evolve with the advancements in technology.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','telephone'),(33,'  Cesarean section','<p>A Cesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure in which a baby is delivered through an incision in the mother\'s abdomen and uterus. C-sections are typically performed when a vaginal birth would pose a risk to the mother or baby.</p><p></p><p>The origins of C-section can be traced back to ancient civilizations where the procedure was performed as a last resort to save the life of the mother or baby. However, the procedure was not always successful and was associated with high mortality rates for both the mother and the baby.</p><p></p><p>In the 19th century, advances in surgical techniques and anesthesia led to the development of safer and more effective C-sections. Today, C-sections are performed in hospital settings with the use of modern surgical techniques and anesthesia.</p><p></p><p>C-sections are typically performed when a vaginal birth would pose a risk to the mother or baby, such as in cases of placenta previa, cord prolapse, fetal distress, or a large baby. C-sections are also often performed when the mother has a medical condition that would make a vaginal birth dangerous, such as heart disease or HIV.</p><p></p><p>C-sections are considered a major surgery and come with risks, including bleeding, infection, and blood clots, as well as a longer recovery time for the mother. However, with modern surgical techniques and anesthesia, the risk of complications is relatively low.</p><p></p><p>C-sections have become a common method of delivery, accounting for about 1 in 3 births in the United States. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the rate of C-sections should not exceed 10-15% of all births as vaginal birth is generally considered to be the safest mode of delivery for mother and baby.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Cesarean section (C-section) is a surgical procedure that has evolved significantly over the centuries and has become a common method of delivery. It is typically performed when a vaginal birth would pose a risk to the mother or baby. Although it is considered a major surgery, with the use of modern surgical techniques and anesthesia, the risk of complications is relatively low.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-14','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','cesarean-section'),(34,'  Frank Henry Westheimer','<p>Frank Henry Westheimer (February 4, 1911 – April 8, 2007) was an American chemist and a pioneer in the field of organic chemistry. He made significant contributions to the understanding of chemical reactions and the mechanisms of organic compounds. He is most well-known for his work in the areas of nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic substitution, and chemical kinetics.</p><p></p><p>Westheimer was born in New York City and received his Bachelor\'s degree in chemistry from Harvard University in 1932. He then went on to earn his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Chicago in 1935. After completing his Ph.D., Westheimer worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the California Institute of Technology and at the University of Chicago before joining the faculty at Harvard University in 1937.</p><p></p><p>Westheimer\'s research focused on understanding the mechanisms of chemical reactions and the behavior of organic compounds. He made significant contributions to the understanding of nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic substitution, and chemical kinetics. He also conducted research on the chemistry of enzymes, the chemistry of natural products, and the chemistry of antibiotics.</p><p></p><p>Westheimer\'s work in chemical kinetics was particularly groundbreaking. He developed a method to measure the rate of chemical reactions, known as the Westheimer method, which is still widely used today. He also developed a theory to explain the behavior of enzymes, which is known as the \"transition-state theory.\"</p><p></p><p>Westheimer was widely recognized for his contributions to the field of chemistry, and he received numerous awards and honors throughout his career. In 1963, he was awarded the National Medal of Science, and in 1971, he was awarded the Priestley Medal, the highest honor of the American Chemical Society.</p><p></p><p>Frank Henry Westheimer was an American chemist and a pioneer in the field of organic chemistry. He made significant contributions to the understanding of chemical reactions and the mechanisms of organic compounds and was widely recognized for his contributions to the field of chemistry and received numerous awards and honors throughout his career. His work in chemical kinetics was particularly groundbreaking and his method is still widely used today. He also developed a theory to explain the behavior of enzymes which is known as the \"transition-state theory.\"</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-15','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','frank-henry-westheimer'),(35,'  Edward Teller','<p>Edward Teller (January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-born American physicist who is often referred to as the \"father of the hydrogen bomb.\" He made significant contributions to the development of nuclear weapons and was a key figure in the Manhattan Project, the program that developed the first nuclear weapons during World War II.</p><p></p><p>Teller was born in Budapest, Hungary and received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1930. He then worked at the University of Gottingen and later at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin. In the early 1930s, Teller became interested in the possibilities of nuclear energy and began to work on the theoretical aspects of nuclear physics.</p><p></p><p>In 1935, Teller left Germany and moved to the United States to escape the rise of Nazism. He joined the faculty at George Washington University and later at the University of Chicago. He was involved in the Manhattan Project from its inception, and he made significant contributions to the development of the first nuclear weapons.</p><p></p><p>After World War II, Teller continued to work on nuclear weapons and was a key figure in the development of the hydrogen bomb. He proposed the concept of a \"super\" bomb, which would use the fusion of hydrogen isotopes to create a much more powerful explosion than a fission bomb. The first hydrogen bomb was tested in 1952.</p><p></p><p>Teller was a controversial figure, and his advocacy for the development of nuclear weapons and his role in the Red Scare of the 1950s led to criticism from some quarters. But Teller\'s work had an enormous impact on the field of nuclear physics and on the nation\'s defense. He received numerous awards and honors throughout his career, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2003.</p><p></p><p>Edward Teller was a Hungarian-born American physicist who is widely known as the \"father of the hydrogen bomb.\" He made significant contributions to the development of nuclear weapons and was a key figure in the Manhattan Project. He proposed the concept of a \"super\" bomb, which would use the fusion of hydrogen isotopes to create a much more powerful explosion than a fission bomb. Teller\'s work had an enormous impact on the field of nuclear physics and on the nation\'s defense. Although he was a controversial figure, He received numerous awards and honors throughout his career. He passed away in 2003.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-15','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','edward-teller'),(36,'  R. B. Braithwaite','<p>R. B. Braithwaite (1898-1990) was a British philosopher and logician who made significant contributions to the fields of philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, and the philosophy of mind. He is best known for his work on the foundations of quantum mechanics, the theory of probability and his reflections on scientific explanation.</p><p></p><p>Braithwaite was born in London and studied mathematics and physics at Cambridge University. He then worked as a research physicist at Cambridge and later at Imperial College London before switching to philosophy and earning his Ph.D. in philosophy from Cambridge in 1926.</p><p></p><p>Braithwaite\'s early work focused on the foundations of quantum mechanics. He was particularly interested in the interpretational problems of quantum mechanics, such as the meaning of wave function collapse and the nature of quantum reality. He also wrote extensively on the theory of probability, developing a logical interpretation of probability that emphasized the importance of inductive reasoning.</p><p></p><p>Braithwaite also made important contributions to the philosophy of science and the philosophy of mind. He argued that scientific explanation should be understood in terms of the logical relationship between theories and observations, and that the goal of science is to provide a coherent and consistent account of the world. He also wrote on the nature of mind, arguing that the mind should be understood as a physical system.</p><p></p><p>Braithwaite\'s work was widely respected and influential. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1960 and received numerous awards and honors throughout his career. He also held a number of academic positions, including a professorship at Cambridge University.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, R. B. Braithwaite was a British philosopher and logician who made significant contributions to the fields of philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, and the philosophy of mind. He is best known for his work on the foundations of quantum mechanics, the theory of probability and his reflections on scientific explanation. He was widely respected and influential and received numerous awards and honors throughout his career. He passed away in</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-15','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','r-b-braithwaite'),(37,'  Artturi Ilmari Virtanen','<p>Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (January 15, 1895 - November 11, 1973) was a Finnish chemist and Nobel laureate. He made significant contributions to the fields of agricultural and food chemistry, and his work had a major impact on the development of the dairy industry.</p><p></p><p>Virtanen was born in Helsinki, Finland, and received his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Helsinki in 1920. He then worked as a research chemist at the Helsinki University of Technology and later at the Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus (VTT), the Technical Research Centre of Finland.</p><p></p><p>Virtanen\'s early research focused on the chemistry of agricultural and food products. He made significant contributions to the understanding of the fermentation processes used in the dairy industry, and his work led to the development of new methods for the production of cheese, butter, and sour milk. He also developed new methods for the preservation of milk, which greatly improved the safety and shelf life of dairy products.</p><p></p><p>Virtanen\'s work also had a major impact on the field of food chemistry. He developed new methods for the isolation and identification of amino acids and other nutrients in food, and he made important contributions to the understanding of the role of vitamins in human nutrition.</p><p></p><p>Virtanen\'s work was widely recognized and he received numerous awards and honors throughout his career. In 1945, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry \"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his valuable work in the chemistry of milk.\"</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Artturi Ilmari Virtanen was a Finnish chemist and Nobel laureate who made significant contributions to the fields of agricultural and food chemistry. His work had a major impact on the development of the dairy industry and he developed new methods for the preservation of milk and for the isolation and identification of amino acids and other nutrients in food. His work was widely recognized and he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1945 for his valuable work in the chemistry of milk. He passed away in 1973.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-15','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','artturi-ilmari-virtanen'),(38,'  Lewis M. Terman','<p>Lewis Madison Terman (January 15, 1877 – December 21, 1956) was an American psychologist and educator who is best known for his work on intelligence and the development of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, a widely used test for measuring intelligence. He also made significant contributions to the field of educational psychology and the study of gifted children.</p><p></p><p>Terman was born in Indiana and received his Ph.D. in psychology from Clark University in 1905. He then worked as a professor of psychology at Stanford University, where he developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and conducted research on the nature of intelligence and the measurement of intelligence.</p><p></p><p>Terman\'s work on intelligence was heavily influenced by the theories of Charles Spearman, who argued that intelligence is a single general ability that can be measured by a single test. Terman further developed Spearman\'s work and developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, which is still widely used today.</p><p></p><p>Terman also conducted research on gifted children and was a strong advocate for the education of gifted children. He was one of the first researchers to study the development of gifted children and to identify the characteristics that define giftedness. He also developed the Terman Gifted Children Study, which followed a group of gifted children for over 70 years and provided important insights into the development and lives of gifted individuals.</p><p></p><p>Terman\'s work was widely recognized and influential. He received numerous awards and honors throughout his career and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1936. He also served as president of the American Psychological Association in 1921.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Lewis M. Terman was an American psychologist and educator who is best known for his work on intelligence and the development of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. He made significant contributions to the field of educational psychology and the study of gifted children. He was a strong advocate for the education of gifted children and his Terman Gifted Children Study provided important insights into the development and lives of gifted individuals. He was widely recognized and influential, received numerous awards and honors throughout his career and served as president of the American Psychological Association. He passed away in 1956.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-15','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','lewis-m-terman'),(39,'  Henry Livingstone Sulman','<p>Henry Livingstone Sulman (1849-1934) was an Australian architect and engineer who was known for his work in the Victorian Gothic Revival style. He was one of the most prominent architects in Australia during the 19th century and was responsible for designing many of the most important buildings in Sydney and New South Wales.</p><p></p><p>Sulman was born in London, England and trained as an architect at the Royal Academy of Arts. He immigrated to Australia in 1878 and settled in Sydney. He quickly established himself as a leading architect and was responsible for designing many of the most important buildings in Sydney and New South Wales during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><p></p><p>Sulman\'s work was heavily influenced by the Victorian Gothic Revival style, which was popular during the late 19th century. He designed many churches, schools, and public buildings in this style, and his most famous works include the St. James\' Church, the Darlinghurst Courthouse and the Queen Victoria Building in Sydney.</p><p></p><p>Sulman\'s work was widely recognized and he received numerous awards and honors throughout his career. He was a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects and served as President of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects.</p><p></p><p>Sulman\'s work had a significant impact on the architecture of Sydney and New South Wales. He helped to establish the Victorian Gothic Revival style as the dominant architectural style in Australia during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His buildings are still admired today for their architectural beauty and historical significance.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Henry Livingstone Sulman was an Australian architect and engineer who was known for his work in the Victorian Gothic Revival style. He was one of the most prominent architects in Australia during the 19th century and was responsible for designing many of the most important buildings in Sydney and New South Wales. His work had a significant impact on the architecture of Sydney and New South Wales and his buildings are still admired today for their architectural beauty and historical significance. He passed away in 1934.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-15','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','henry-livingstone-sulman'),(40,'  Sofia Kovalevskaya','<p>Sofia Kovalevskaya (January 15, 1850 – February 10, 1891) was a Russian mathematician and writer who made significant contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly in the areas of partial differential equations and the theory of differential equations. She was the first woman to hold a full professorship in mathematics in Europe and the first female Fields Medalist.</p><p></p><p>Kovalevskaya was born in Moscow, Russia, and her early education was largely self-taught. She was not allowed to attend university in Russia because of her gender, so she studied mathematics in secret with private tutors. In 1869, she moved to Heidelberg, Germany, where she studied mathematics under the guidance of Karl Weierstrass, one of the leading mathematicians of the time.</p><p></p><p>In 1874, Kovalevskaya submitted her doctoral thesis, \"On the Rotation of a Solid Body around a Fixed Point,\" to the University of Göttingen in Germany. The thesis was groundbreaking and solved a problem that had been open for decades. It was also the first time a woman had been awarded a Ph.D. in mathematics in Europe.</p><p></p><p>After receiving her Ph.D., Kovalevskaya held various academic positions in Germany, Sweden, and Russia. She made significant contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly in the areas of partial differential equations and the theory of differential equations. In 1888, she became the first woman to hold a full professorship in mathematics in Europe.</p><p></p><p>Kovalevskaya was also a writer and an advocate for women\'s rights. She wrote a novel, \"Nihilist Girl,\" which was based on her own experiences as a woman in a male-dominated field. She also wrote articles and gave speeches on the topic of women\'s rights.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Sofia Kovalevskaya was a Russian mathematician and writer who made significant contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly in the areas of partial differential equations and the theory of differential equations. She was the first woman to hold a full professorship in mathematics in Europe and the first female Fields Medalist. She was also a writer and an advocate for women\'s rights and wrote a novel and articles on the topic of women\'s rights. She passed away in 1891.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-15','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','sofia-kovalevskaya'),(41,'  Sir Ralph H. Fowler','<p>Sir Ralph Howard Fowler (1889-1944) was a British physicist and astronomer who made significant contributions to the fields of solid-state physics and astrophysics.</p><p></p><p>Fowler began his career as a research physicist at Cambridge University, where he worked on the properties of solids and liquids. He made several important discoveries, including the concept of the \"Fowler-Nordheim tunneling\" of electrons through a potential barrier, which is now widely used in electronic devices such as transistors and diodes.</p><p></p><p>In the 1920s and 1930s, Fowler turned his attention to astrophysics, where he made important contributions to the understanding of the internal structure of stars. He proposed the \"Fowler-Hoyle\" theory of stellar nucleosynthesis, which explained how elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars through nuclear fusion.</p><p></p><p>Fowler also made important contributions to the study of the behavior of gases under high pressure, and proposed the \"Fowler-Guggenheim\" equation for the thermodynamic properties of gases.</p><p></p><p>Throughout his career, Fowler was a respected and influential figure in the scientific community. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1927 and was knighted in 1941 in recognition of his contributions to science.</p><p></p><p>Fowler passed away in 1944, but his work continues to be widely cited and celebrated in the scientific community. His discoveries and theories have had a lasting impact on our understanding of the nature of matter and the universe.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-17','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','sir-ralph-h-fowler'),(42,'  Glenn L. Martin','<p>Glenn L. Martin (1886-1955) was an American aerospace engineer and industrialist who founded the Glenn L. Martin Company, which later became Lockheed Martin, one of the largest defense contractors in the world.</p><p></p><p>Martin began his career as a barnstormer and airplane builder, designing and building his own airplanes in the early days of aviation. In 1912, he founded the Glenn L. Martin Company in Santa Ana, California, which produced a wide range of aircraft, including military trainers, bombers, and transport planes.</p><p></p><p>During World War II, the Glenn L. Martin Company played a major role in supplying the U.S. military with aircraft, including the B-26 Marauder bomber, which was used in the European and Pacific theaters.</p><p></p><p>After the war, Martin continued to innovate and experiment with new aircraft designs, including the first American jet bomber, the B-48. He also focused on the development of military missiles and space exploration technologies.</p><p></p><p>Martin was a visionary and a pioneer in the aerospace industry, and his company was a major contributor to the advancement of military aviation and space technology. He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1971.</p><p></p><p>Martin passed away in 1955, but his legacy lives on through the continued success of the company he founded. Today, Lockheed Martin is one of the world\'s leading defense contractors and a major player in the aerospace and defense industry.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-17','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','glenn-l-martin'),(43,'  A.R. Radcliffe-Brown','<p>A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955) was a British anthropologist who made significant contributions to the field of social anthropology, particularly in the areas of structural functionalism and the study of kinship.</p><p></p><p>Radcliffe-Brown began his career as a field researcher, conducting anthropological studies in Australia, Africa, and the Pacific islands. He is best known for his work on the Andaman Islanders, in which he demonstrated the importance of understanding the social structures and cultural institutions of a society in order to fully understand its functioning.</p><p></p><p>Based on his fieldwork, Radcliffe-Brown developed the theory of structural functionalism, which posits that social structures and institutions have a specific function in maintaining the overall stability and functioning of a society. He argued that the study of social structure, rather than individual behavior, is the key to understanding the functioning of societies.</p><p></p><p>Radcliffe-Brown also made important contributions to the study of kinship, arguing that kinship systems are not just a matter of biological relationships, but also involve social and cultural factors. He proposed that the study of kinship should focus on the roles and relationships of individuals within a society, rather than just their genealogical connections.</p><p></p><p>Throughout his career, Radcliffe-Brown was a respected and influential figure in the anthropological community. He held professorships at several universities, including the University of Chicago and the University of London, and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1946.</p><p></p><p>Radcliffe-Brown\'s work continues to be widely read and studied in the field of anthropology and his influence can be seen in the work of many anthropologists today. His contribution in the field of social anthropology was a key in understanding the functioning of societies and his ideas have been fundamental to the development of the discipline.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-17','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','a-r-radcliffe-brown'),(44,'  Charles V. Chapin','<p>Charles V. Chapin (1856-1941) was a pioneering American health educator and public health administrator who made significant contributions to the field of public health and sanitation during the early 20th century.</p><p></p><p>Chapin began his career as a teacher and school administrator before transitioning to public health work. He served as the Director of the Providence, Rhode Island Health Department from 1891 to 1911, where he implemented a number of innovative public health initiatives, including the development of the first health education program in a public health department in the United States.</p><p></p><p>During his tenure, Chapin also introduced the concept of the \"health unit,\" which brought together a team of public health professionals to work together on health education, disease prevention, and treatment in a specific geographic area. This model was later adopted by health departments across the country.</p><p></p><p>Chapin also made important contributions to the field of sanitation. He was instrumental in implementing measures to improve the sanitation of food and water supplies, as well as measures to control the spread of infectious diseases.</p><p></p><p>Throughout his career, Chapin was a respected and influential figure in the public health community. He was a founding member of the American Public Health Association and the National Organization for Public Health Nursing, and served as the President of the American School Health Association.</p><p></p><p>Chapin\'s work in the field of public health education and sanitation was groundbreaking and his contributions were instrumental in the development of the modern public health system. His ideas and methods continue to be studied and applied today and his legacy continues to influence the field of public health.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-17','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','charles-v-chapin'),(45,'  Ray Dolby','<p>Ray Dolby, the man behind the Dolby sound system, was an American inventor and engineer who revolutionized the audio industry with his innovative technologies. Born in Portland, Oregon in 1933, Dolby studied electrical engineering at Stanford University before going on to work at Ampex, a company that developed the first commercial video tape recorder.</p><p></p><p>In the 1960s, Dolby began developing noise reduction systems for the professional recording industry. His first major breakthrough came in 1965 with the Dolby A-Type noise reduction system, which was used to reduce tape hiss on analog recordings. This technology was soon adopted by major recording studios and record companies, and it became the standard for high-quality audio recording.</p><p></p><p>Dolby continued to innovate in the audio field, developing the Dolby B-Type noise reduction system for consumer tapes and the Dolby C-Type system for cassette tapes. In the 1970s, he introduced the Dolby S-Type system, which was used to improve the sound quality of broadcast television.</p><p></p><p>Perhaps Dolby\'s most famous achievement is the Dolby Stereo system, which was introduced in 1975. This technology used a matrix system to combine multiple audio channels into a single stereo signal, allowing for a more immersive and realistic listening experience. Dolby Stereo was used in thousands of movie theaters worldwide and became the standard for film sound.</p><p></p><p>The Dolby Stereo system led to the creation of the Dolby Pro Logic surround sound system which was used extensively in home theater systems, and later the Dolby Digital, Dolby Atmos, and Dolby Vision which are the most common audio and video standards used in movies and home theater systems today.</p><p></p><p>Dolby was honored with numerous awards throughout his career, including an Academy Award for Technical Achievement, a Grammy Trustees Award, and a National Medal of Technology. He passed away on September 12, 2013, but his legacy lives on through the continued use of his technologies in the audio and film industries.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Ray Dolby was a true pioneer of audio technology, his innovations have changed the way we listen to and experience sound. His contributions to the field have been recognized and honored by the industry, and his legacy will continue to shape the future of sound technology for years to come.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','ray-dolby'),(46,'  Belding H. Scribner','<p>Belding H. Scribner was an American physician and inventor who is best known for developing the Scribner shunt, a medical device that revolutionized the treatment of kidney failure.</p><p></p><p>Born in 1924 in Michigan, Scribner graduated from the University of Michigan Medical School in 1948. He later completed a fellowship in nephrology (the study of kidney function and disease) at the University of Washington.</p><p></p><p>In the early 1960s, Scribner began working on a solution to the problem of end-stage kidney disease. At the time, the only treatment option for patients with advanced kidney failure was a surgery known as a nephrectomy, in which the diseased kidneys were removed and replaced with healthy ones from a donor. However, the limited availability of donors meant that this procedure was only an option for a small number of patients.</p><p></p><p>In 1963, Scribner developed the Scribner shunt, a device that allowed patients with end-stage kidney disease to receive long-term dialysis treatment. The Scribner shunt is a small plastic tube that is inserted into an artery in the arm and connected to a vein, creating a bypass around the diseased kidneys. Blood flows through the shunt and into a dialysis machine, where it is cleaned before being returned to the body.</p><p></p><p>The Scribner shunt was a major breakthrough in the treatment of kidney failure. It allowed patients to receive long-term dialysis treatment and avoid the need for a nephrectomy. The shunt was widely adopted and became the standard of care for patients with end-stage kidney disease.</p><p></p><p>In 1973, Scribner was honored with the prestigious Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award for his development of the Scribner shunt. He was also inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1999.</p><p></p><p>Scribner\'s invention has saved countless lives and improved the quality of life for patients with end-stage kidney disease. His work has had a lasting impact on the field of nephrology and has paved the way for further advancements in the treatment of kidney failure.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Belding H. Scribner was a pioneering physician and inventor whose legacy continues to shape the field of nephrology. His Scribner shunt revolutionized the treatment of kidney failure and has saved countless lives. His contributions will be remembered and honored for many years to come.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','belding-h-scribner'),(47,'  Jacob Bronowski','<p>Jacob Bronowski was a Polish-British mathematician, biologist, historian, and philosopher who is best known for his work as a science popularizer and his contributions to the understanding of the relationship between science, technology, and human civilization.</p><p></p><p>Born in Poland in 1908, Bronowski immigrated to England in the 1920s, where he studied mathematics at Cambridge University. He later received a PhD in biometry, a field that combines statistics and biology, from London University.</p><p></p><p>Bronowski\'s early career was spent working as a research scientist in various fields such as genetics, statistics, and biochemistry. In the 1940s and 1950s, he began to focus on the history and philosophy of science and technology, and he became an influential public intellectual, writing and speaking on these topics.</p><p></p><p>One of his most notable works is the book \"The Ascent of Man,\" a history of human civilization from the earliest times to the present, which was also made into a popular 13-part BBC series in 1973. The book and the series explores how human societies have developed over time and how science and technology have played a crucial role in this progress. The series was widely praised for its clear explanations of complex scientific concepts and its ability to convey the excitement and wonder of scientific discovery.</p><p></p><p>Bronowski was also an advocate for the responsible use of science and technology, and he warned of the dangers of allowing these powerful tools to be used for destructive purposes. He is remembered as a humanist who believed in the power of science to improve the human condition and he also believed that science and technology should be guided by human values, not just by profit or military objectives.</p><p></p><p>Bronowski passed away in 1974 but his legacy continues to be felt today, his works are widely considered to be masterpieces of science popularization, and his approach to science education, which emphasized the interconnectedness of different fields of science and the importance of understanding their historical context, continues to be influential.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Jacob Bronowski was a polymath and a gifted communicator whose work helped to bridge the gap between science and the general public. He was an advocate for science education and the responsible use of science and technology, and his legacy continues to inspire new generations of scientists and science educators.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','jacob-bronowski'),(48,'  Sir Thomas Octave Murdoch Sopwith','<p>Sir Thomas Octave Murdoch Sopwith, known simply as Tom Sopwith, was a British aviation pioneer and industrialist who made significant contributions to the development of both civil and military aircraft.</p><p></p><p>Born in 1888 in Sussex, England, Sopwith began his career as a bicycle racer before becoming interested in aviation. In 1910, he founded the Sopwith Aviation Company, which quickly became one of the leading aircraft manufacturers in the United Kingdom.</p><p></p><p>During World War I, Sopwith\'s company produced a number of successful military aircraft, including the Sopwith Camel, which was one of the most effective fighter planes of the war. After the war, Sopwith turned his attention to the development of civil aircraft, and his company produced a number of pioneering designs, including the first airliner to fly from London to Paris.</p><p></p><p>Sopwith was also a successful yacht designer and sailor he won the Americas Cup in 1920 with his yacht \"Shamrock V\".</p><p></p><p>In the 1920s and 1930s, Sopwith\'s company merged with other aircraft manufacturers to form the Hawker Aircraft Company, which produced a number of successful military and civil aircraft, including the Hawker Hurricane and the Hawker Siddeley Trident airliner.</p><p></p><p>Sopwith was knighted in 1953 for his contributions to the aviation industry, and he retired from the industry in 1956. He passed away in 1989 at the age of 101.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Sir Thomas Octave Murdoch Sopwith was a pioneering figure in the aviation industry, his Sopwith Aviation Company played a major role in the development of both civil and military aircraft and his contributions to the aviation industry were widely recognized by the industry and the government. He was also a successful yacht designer and sailors, winning the Americas Cup in 1920. His legacy continues to be felt in the aviation industry, and his name is remembered as one of the greatest British aviation pioneers of all time.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','sir-thomas-octave-murdoch-sopwith'),(49,'  Paul Ehrenfest','<p>Paul Ehrenfest was an Austrian-Dutch physicist and mathematician known for his contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics.</p><p></p><p>Born in Vienna in 1880, Ehrenfest studied mathematics and physics at the University of Vienna, where he received his doctorate in 1904. He later worked at the universities of Göttingen and Leiden, where he made important contributions to the understanding of the foundations of quantum mechanics.</p><p></p><p>Ehrenfest is best known for his work on statistical mechanics, in which he applied statistical methods to the study of the behavior of large numbers of particles. He developed the Ehrenfest theorem, which relates the rate of change of quantum mechanical observables to classical mechanical ones. He also made important contributions to the understanding of the stability of matter and the behavior of phase transitions.</p><p></p><p>Ehrenfest was also an influential teacher, and he trained many students who went on to become prominent physicists in their own right, including the physicist Léon Rosenfeld.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his scientific work, Ehrenfest was also an advocate for the ethical use of science and technology, and he was a vocal critic of the use of science for destructive purposes. He was also a pacifist and an advocate for international cooperation in science.</p><p></p><p>Sadly, Ehrenfest took his own life in 1933, in the midst of the rise of the Nazi regime in Europe. His death was a loss to the scientific community and to the world.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Paul Ehrenfest was a brilliant physicist and mathematician whose contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics continue to be highly valued. He was also an influential teacher and a advocate for the ethical use of science and technology. His legacy continues to inspire new generations of scientists and his work continues to be relevant today.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','paul-ehrenfest'),(50,'  Gordon McGregor','<p>Gordon McGregor was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist who is best known for his role in the growth and success of the Ford Motor Company of Canada.</p><p></p><p>Born in 1871 in Walkerton, Ontario, McGregor began his career as a teacher before entering the business world. In 1904, he became the general manager of the Walkerton Wagon Works, a manufacturer of farm equipment.</p><p></p><p>In 1904, McGregor was approached by the Ford Motor Company of America to establish a Canadian branch of the company. He accepted the offer and founded the Ford Motor Company of Canada. Under his leadership, the company quickly became one of the most successful automobile manufacturers in Canada.</p><p></p><p>McGregor was a visionary and a creative entrepreneur, he introduced the concept of assembly line production in Canada and he was a pioneer in the use of interchangeable parts. He also introduced the Ford Model T to Canada and developed an extensive dealer network across the country.</p><p></p><p>McGregor was also a philanthropist, he supported many community causes and was particularly interested in education. He was a member of the University of Western Ontario\'s Board of Governors and the University senate, and he donated $1 million to build the Gordon McGregor building on the University\'s campus, which serves as the home of the Faculty of Education.</p><p></p><p>McGregor passed away in 1957, but his legacy continues to be felt in the automotive industry and in the community. Ford Motor Company of Canada is still one of the most successful automobile manufacturers in Canada and the McGregor building at the University of Western Ontario continues to be a vital resource for students and teachers.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Gordon McGregor was a visionary entrepreneur and philanthropist who played a key role in the growth and success of the Ford Motor Company of Canada. He was a pioneer in the use of assembly line production and interchangeable parts, and his contributions to the automotive industry and to education continue to be remembered and valued. His legacy continues to inspire new generations of business leaders and community members.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','gordon-mcgregor'),(51,'  Hans Goldschmidt','<p>Hans Goldschmidt was a German chemist and inventor known for his pioneering work in the field of aluminum production.</p><p></p><p>Born in 1858 in Frankfurt, Germany, Goldschmidt studied chemistry at the University of Heidelberg before working as a research chemist in various German and Swiss companies.</p><p></p><p>In the late 1800s, Goldschmidt began experimenting with ways to produce aluminum, a metal that was highly sought after but costly to produce. At the time, aluminum was produced using a process known as the Hall-Héroult process, which involved dissolving aluminum oxide in molten cryolite and then passing an electric current through the solution to produce aluminum. However, this process was expensive and inefficient.</p><p></p><p>In 1887, Goldschmidt developed a new process for producing aluminum that involved heating aluminum oxide with metallic sodium in a sealed container. This process, known as the Goldschmidt process, was cheaper and more efficient than the Hall-Héroult process, and it quickly became the standard method for producing aluminum.</p><p></p><p>Goldschmidt\'s process, made aluminum more accessible and affordable, which led to its use in many industries including construction, transportation, and consumer goods.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his work on aluminum production, Goldschmidt also made contributions to the fields of metallurgy, thermodynamics, and electrochemistry. He was awarded numerous honors and awards for his work, including the prestigious Liebig Medal.</p><p></p><p>Sadly, Goldschmidt died in 1906 in Frankfurt, Germany, but his legacy lives on through his contributions to the field of aluminum production.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Hans Goldschmidt was a brilliant chemist and inventor whose pioneering work in aluminum production revolutionized the field and made aluminum more accessible and affordable. His Goldschmidt process is still used today and his contributions to aluminum production and other fields continue to be remembered and valued. His legacy continues to inspire new generations of scientists and inventors.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','hans-goldschmidt'),(52,'  Daniel Hale Williams','<p>Daniel Hale Williams was an American physician and surgeon who is best known for performing one of the first successful open-heart surgeries in 1893.</p><p></p><p>Born in 1856 in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, Williams studied medicine at Chicago Medical College (now known as the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University). He later worked as a surgeon at several hospitals in Chicago, including Provident Hospital and Training School, the first interracial hospital in the United States.</p><p></p><p>In 1893, Williams performed a groundbreaking surgery at Provident Hospital, where he successfully repaired a patient\'s pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart) following a knife wound to the chest. This was one of the first successful open-heart surgeries in history, and it demonstrated the feasibility of heart surgery and helped to establish the field of cardiovascular surgery.</p><p></p><p>Williams also performed many other pioneering surgeries, including the first successful operation on a patient with a heart valve disorder, and he helped to improve the training and education of African American doctors and nurses.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his surgical work, Williams was also an advocate for public health and the rights of African Americans. He was a founding member of the National Medical Association, an organization established to represent the interests of African American doctors, and he served as its president from 1894 to1896.</p><p></p><p>Williams passed away in 1931, but his legacy lives on through his pioneering surgical work and his contributions to the field of cardiovascular surgery. He was the first African American to be inducted into the American College of Surgeons and is widely considered to be a trailblazer in the field of heart surgery.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Daniel Hale Williams was a pioneering physician and surgeon whose contributions to the field of cardiovascular surgery helped to establish the field and pave the way for future innovations. He was also a advocate for public health and the rights of African Americans, and his legacy continues to inspire new generations of doctors and surgeons.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','daniel-hale-williams'),(53,'  Thomas Augustus Watson','<p>Thomas Augustus Watson was an American inventor and businessman who is best known for his role as the assistant to Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone.</p><p></p><p>Born in 1854 in Salem, Massachusetts, Watson began his career as a machinist before joining the Bell Telephone Company in 1875. He worked closely with Bell as his assistant and helped to develop the telephone, which was first patented by Bell in 1876.</p><p></p><p>Watson played a critical role in the development of the telephone, he helped Bell to refine the design of the telephone and to improve the quality of the transmission of sound. He also assisted Bell in the demonstrations of the telephone to the public and potential investors, and helped to establish the first commercial telephone service.</p><p></p><p>After Bell\'s patent expired, Watson left the Bell Telephone Company and went on to have a successful career as an inventor and businessman. He founded the Watson Electric Manufacturing Company which produced a wide range of electrical equipment, including telegraphs, telephones, and burglar alarms. He also developed a number of other inventions, including a device for producing sound-on-film for motion pictures.</p><p></p><p>Watson was also an active philanthropist, he donated to many organizations, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the American Museum of Natural History.</p><p></p><p>Watson passed away in 1934, but his legacy lives on through his contributions to the telephone and his role in the development of the telecommunications industry. He was honored with numerous awards and accolades throughout his career, including the Elliott Cresson Medal from the Franklin Institute and an honorary doctorate from MIT.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Thomas Augustus Watson was a talented inventor and businessman whose contributions to the telephone and telecommunications industry were significant. He played a critical role in the development and commercialization of the telephone, and his legacy continues to be remembered and honored. His philanthropy and his successful business career are also noteworthy and his contributions to the field of science and technology continues to be an inspiration to many.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','thomas-augustus-watson'),(54,'  Sir Edward Frankland','<p>Sir Edward Frankland was a British chemist and inventor who made significant contributions to the field of inorganic chemistry, including the development of the theory of valence and the discovery of several new elements.</p><p></p><p>Born in 1825 in Catterick, England, Frankland began his career as a chemist at the Royal College of Chemistry in London. He later went on to work at various institutions, including the University of Marburg in Germany and the University of St. Andrews in Scotland.</p><p></p><p>Frankland is best known for his work on the theory of valence, which explains the chemical bonding between atoms. He proposed that the valence of an element is determined by the number of electrons in its outermost shell, which is now known as the valence electron theory. This theory was later developed by other chemists, including Gilbert Lewis and Richard Abegg, and it forms the basis of modern inorganic chemistry.</p><p></p><p>Frankland also discovered several new elements, including gallium and indium, and he made important contributions to the understanding of the properties of these elements and their compounds. He also developed the concept of chemical symbols, which are now commonly used to represent elements on the periodic table.</p><p></p><p>Frankland was a highly respected chemist and was honored with many awards throughout his career, including the Royal Society\'s Davy Medal and the Copley Medal. He was also knighted in 1897 in recognition of his contributions to chemistry.</p><p></p><p>Frankland passed away in 1899, but his legacy lives on through his contributions to the field of inorganic chemistry. His work on the theory of valence and the discovery of new elements continue to be remembered and honored.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Sir Edward Frankland was a pioneering chemist who made significant contributions to the field of inorganic chemistry, including the development of the theory of valence and the discovery of several new elements. He was a respected chemist and was honored with many awards throughout his career. His legacy continues to be felt in the field of chemistry and his contributions to the field will be remembered for many years to come.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','sir-edward-frankland'),(55,'  Joseph Farwell Glidden','<p>Joseph Farwell Glidden was an American inventor and businessman who is best known for his development of barbed wire, a product that revolutionized the fencing industry and had a significant impact on the settlement and development of the American West.</p><p></p><p>Born in 1813 in Charlestown, New Hampshire, Glidden worked as a farmer and blacksmith before moving to Illinois in the 1850s. In 1874, he came up with the idea for barbed wire, which is a type of fencing wire that is made up of a series of sharp barbs that are attached to a central wire. He received a patent for his invention in 1874, and he went on to form the Barb Fence Company, which became one of the largest manufacturers of barbed wire in the world.</p><p></p><p>Barbed wire was a revolutionary product that made it possible to cheaply and effectively fence in large areas of land. This allowed farmers and ranchers to protect their livestock and crops from predators and trespassers, and it played a key role in the settlement and development of the American West.</p><p></p><p>Glidden was also a philanthropist, he donated to many organizations, including the Illinois State Historical Society and the American Museum of Natural History.</p><p></p><p>Glidden passed away in 1906, but his legacy lives on through his invention of barbed wire, which had a significant impact on the fencing industry and on the settlement and development of the American West. He was honored with numerous awards and accolades throughout his career, including the Elliott Cresson Medal from the Franklin Institute.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Joseph Farwell Glidden was an American inventor and businessman who developed the barbed wire, a product that revolutionized the fencing industry and had a significant impact on the settlement and development of the American West. He was also a philanthropist and his legacy continues to be remembered and honored. His invention of barbed wire is considered to be one of the most important inventions of the 19th century and continues to be widely used today.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','joseph-farwell-glidden'),(56,'  Joseph Dixon','<p>Joseph Dixon was an American inventor and industrialist who made significant contributions to the fields of graphite production and pencil manufacturing.</p><p></p><p>Born in 1867 in New York, Dixon began his career as a machinist before becoming interested in the production of graphite. In 1891, he founded the Joseph Dixon Crucible Company, which quickly became one of the leading manufacturers of graphite products in the United States.</p><p></p><p>Dixon is best known for his development of the \"stamping\" method of graphite production, which involved crushing and shaping graphite into specific forms using machinery. This process made it possible to produce graphite products in large quantities and at lower costs, and it revolutionized the graphite industry.</p><p></p><p>Dixon\'s company also began manufacturing pencils, and by the early 1900s, it was one of the largest pencil manufacturers in the world. Dixon\'s pencils were known for their high quality and durability and were used by artists, writers and students.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his work in graphite and pencil production, Dixon also developed a number of other inventions, including a machine for making lead pencils and a process for manufacturing fine china.</p><p></p><p>Dixon was a respected businessman and was honored with many awards throughout his career, including the Elliott Cresson Medal from the Franklin Institute. He passed away in 1934, but his legacy lives on through his contributions to the fields of graphite production and pencil manufacturing.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Joseph Dixon was an American inventor and industrialist whose contributions to the fields of graphite production and pencil manufacturing were significant. He developed the \"stamping\" method of graphite production, which revolutionized the graphite industry, and his company was one of the largest pencil manufacturers in the world. Dixon\'s pencils were known for their high quality and durability and his legacy continues to be remembered and honored. His other inventions in the field of fine china also made an impact in the industry.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','joseph-dixon'),(57,'  Peter Mark Roget','<p>Peter Mark Roget was a British physician, lexicographer, and inventor who is best known for his creation of the thesaurus, a reference book that organizes words by their meanings.</p><p></p><p>Born in London in 1779, Roget studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh before working as a physician and lecturer. He had a lifelong interest in words and language and in 1805, he began to compile a list of words organized by their meanings, which he called \"Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases.\" He worked on this project for many years and published it in 1852 as \"Roget\'s Thesaurus.\"</p><p></p><p>The thesaurus was an instant success and it quickly became a widely used reference book. It revolutionized the way people thought about words and their meanings and it is still widely used today. The thesaurus is not just used by writers and poets but it is also widely used in education, research and in everyday life.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his work on the thesaurus, Roget was also an inventor. He developed several mechanical devices, including a slide rule and an early version of the pocket calculator. He also made significant contributions to the fields of physiology and physiology, and he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1824.</p><p></p><p>Roget passed away in 1869, but his legacy lives on through his creation of the thesaurus. His thesaurus was a pioneering work in the field of lexicography and it continues to be widely used today. His other contributions to the field of psychiatry and psychiatry, as well as his inventions, are also noteworthy.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Peter Mark Roget was a British physician, lexicographer, and inventor whose most notable contribution was the creation of the thesaurus, a reference book that organizes words by their meanings. His thesaurus was a pioneering work in the field of lexicography and it continues to be widely used today. His contributions to the field of psychiatry, his inventions and his lifelong interest in words and language are also noteworthy and his legacy continues to inspire new generations of writers, poets and researchers.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','peter-mark-roget'),(58,'  Caspar Friedrich Wolff','<p>Caspar Friedrich Wolff was a German biologist and anatomist who is best known for his contributions to the field of developmental biology, particularly for his theory of epigenesis.</p><p></p><p>Born in 1733 in Berlin, Wolff studied medicine at the University of Halle before working as a physician and anatomist. He later became interested in the study of the development of living organisms, and in 1759, he published his theory of epigenesis in his book \"Theoria Generationis.\"</p><p></p><p>Wolff\'s theory of epigenesis stated that the development of living organisms is a gradual and progressive process, in which the organization of the body and its parts is built up from a simple to a more complex structure. He proposed that the development of an organism begins with a simple, unorganized structure, such as a fertilized egg, and that this structure gradually develops into a more complex and organized organism through a series of stages.</p><p></p><p>Wolff\'s theory of epigenesis was a major breakthrough in the field of developmental biology and it helped to establish the field as a distinct area of study. His work laid the foundation for the modern understanding of embryonic development, and it influenced the work of many other scientists, including Charles Darwin and Ernst Haeckel.</p><p></p><p>Wolff passed away in 1794, but his legacy lives on through his contributions to the field of developmental biology. His theory of epigenesis was a major breakthrough in the field and continues to be a fundamental concept in the modern understanding of embryonic development.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Caspar Friedrich Wolff was a German biologist and anatomist who made significant contributions to the field of developmental biology, particularly for his theory of epigenesis. His theory of epigenesis proposed that the development of living organisms is a gradual and progressive process, from simple to complex structures, and it laid the foundation for the modern understanding of embryonic development. Wolff\'s legacy continues to be remembered and honored and his contributions to the field of developmental biology continues to inspire new generations of scientists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','caspar-friedrich-wolff'),(59,'  Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt','<p>Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt was a German biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 for his work on the structure of sex hormones.</p><p></p><p>Born in 1903 in Bremerhaven, Germany, Butenandt studied chemistry at the University of Marburg and the University of Tübingen before working as a research chemist at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research.</p><p></p><p>In the 1930s, Butenandt began studying the structure of sex hormones, which are responsible for the development and maintenance of sexual characteristics in animals and humans. He isolated and identified the structure of the male sex hormone testosterone, which is produced by the testes, and he also identified the structure of estrogen, which is produced by the ovaries.</p><p></p><p>Butenandt\'s work on the structure of sex hormones was a major breakthrough in the field of biochemistry and it laid the foundation for the development of many hormone-based drugs, including contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy.</p><p></p><p>Butenandt was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 for his work on the structure of sex hormones, but due to the political climate in Germany at the time, he was not able to accept the award until 1949.</p><p></p><p>Butenandt passed away in 1995, but his legacy lives on through his contributions to the field of biochemistry, particularly his work on the structure of sex hormones. His work laid the foundation for the development of many hormone-based drugs, and his contributions to the field of biochemistry continue to be remembered and honored.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt was a German biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 for his work on the structure of sex hormones. His work on the structure of sex hormones was a major breakthrough in the field of biochemistry and it laid the foundation for the development of many hormone-based drugs. His legacy continues to be remembered and honored and his contributions to the field of biochemistry will continue to be an inspiration to many.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-18','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','adolf-friedrich-johann-butenandt'),(60,'  Rudolf Ludwig MÃ¶ssbauer','<p>Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer was a German physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1961 for his pioneering work on the Mössbauer effect. This effect, also known as recoilless nuclear resonance fluorescence, refers to the phenomenon of a gamma ray photon being emitted and absorbed by a nucleus without the recoil of the nucleus.</p><p></p><p>Mössbauer was born on January 31, 1929, in Munich, Germany. He received his PhD in physics from the Technical University of Munich in 1956, and went on to do postdoctoral research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States.</p><p></p><p>In 1958, Mössbauer discovered the Mössbauer effect while working on his PhD thesis. This groundbreaking discovery led to the development of new techniques for studying the properties of atomic nuclei and paved the way for new fields of research in physics, chemistry, and materials science.</p><p></p><p>One of the key applications of the Mössbauer effect is in the study of the properties of solids. By measuring the Mössbauer effect in solids, scientists can determine the arrangement of atoms in the solid and study their interactions. This has important implications for the study of materials science and the development of new materials.</p><p></p><p>Another important application of the Mössbauer effect is in the field of nuclear medicine. By using the Mössbauer effect, physicians can determine the presence of specific isotopes in the human body, which can be used to diagnose and treat various diseases.</p><p></p><p>Throughout his career, Mössbauer was recognized for his contributions to physics. In addition to receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics, he was also awarded the Max Planck Medal, the highest award in German physics, and the Einstein Prize, one of the most prestigious awards in the field of physics.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer was a pioneering physicist whose discovery of the Mössbauer effect had far-reaching implications for the study of atomic nuclei and materials science. His contributions to physics continue to be celebrated and his legacy lives on in the fields he helped to shape.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-01-31','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','rudolf-ludwig-mapssbauer'),(61,'  Melba Newell Phillips','<p>Melba Newell Phillips was a pioneering geophysicist who made important contributions to our understanding of the Earth\'s interior. She was born in 1903 in Texas and went on to earn her PhD in geology from the University of Chicago in 1929.</p><p></p><p>Phillips was a trailblazer in the field of geophysics and was one of the first women to earn a PhD in the subject. She was known for her pioneering work in seismology and the study of earthquakes, and her research helped to lay the foundation for the modern study of geophysics.</p><p></p><p>Throughout her career, Phillips published numerous papers on topics such as the Earth\'s structure and the dynamics of earthquakes, and she was highly regarded as an expert in her field. She was a professor of geology at several universities, including the University of Texas and Columbia University, and her lectures and teachings inspired many students to pursue careers in geophysics.</p><p></p><p>Phillips was also a dedicated mentor and teacher, and she worked to encourage women to pursue careers in science. She was a strong advocate for the importance of diversity and equality in science, and she worked tirelessly to ensure that women and minorities had access to the same opportunities as their male counterparts.</p><p></p><p>In recognition of her contributions to the field of geophysics, Phillips was awarded numerous honors and awards, including the Arthur L. Day Medal from the Geological Society of America, and the Henri Becquerel Prize from the European Geophysical Society.</p><p></p><p>Phillips passed away in 1993, but her legacy lives on through her groundbreaking research and her commitment to promoting diversity and equality in science. She remains an inspiration to geophysicists and scientists everywhere, and her pioneering work will continue to shape our understanding of the Earth for generations to come.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','melba-newell-phillips'),(63,'  Lloyd Viel Berkner','<p>Lloyd Viel Berkner was an American physicist and pioneer in the field of space science. Born on April 20, 1905, in Austin, Texas, Berkner was fascinated by the natural world from a young age and dedicated his life to understanding the Earth\'s environment and the universe beyond.</p><p></p><p>Berkner earned a PhD in physics from the University of Texas in 1932 and went on to work at the Carnegie Institution of Washington\'s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. During his career, Berkner made numerous important contributions to the fields of space science and geophysics.</p><p></p><p>One of Berkner\'s most significant achievements was his role in establishing the field of space science. In the 1940s and 1950s, Berkner was a key figure in the development of the discipline, and he played a critical role in the planning and execution of early space missions.</p><p></p><p>Berkner was also instrumental in the development of the field of geophysics, particularly in the study of the Earth\'s ionosphere and its role in radio communications. He conducted extensive research on the ionosphere and the propagation of radio waves, and his work helped to lay the foundation for modern radio communication technology.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his research, Berkner was also a dedicated educator and mentor, and he was passionate about inspiring future generations of scientists. He taught at a number of universities throughout his career, including the University of Texas and the University of Pennsylvania.</p><p></p><p>Berkner was recognized for his many contributions to the fields of space science and geophysics and was awarded numerous honors and awards throughout his career, including the National Academy of Sciences\' Henry Draper Medal in 1955.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Lloyd Viel Berkner was an American physicist and pioneer in the fields of space science and geophysics. His work in establishing the field of space science and his contributions to the understanding of the Earth\'s ionosphere had a profound impact on our understanding of the universe and the technology we rely on today. His dedication to education and mentorship has inspired many future generations of scientists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','lloyd-viel-berkner'),(64,'  Emilio SegrÃ¨','<p>Emilio Segrè was an Italian-American physicist and Nobel Prize winner known for his pioneering work in the fields of nuclear physics and particle physics. Born on February 1, 1905, in Tivoli, Italy, Segrè was fascinated by science from a young age and dedicated his life to understanding the fundamental building blocks of matter and the forces that govern the universe.</p><p></p><p>Segrè earned a PhD in physics from the University of Rome in 1928 and went on to work at the Institute for Nuclear Studies in Rome and later at the University of Palermo. In 1938, he immigrated to the United States to escape fascist persecution, and he went on to work at the University of Pennsylvania and later at the University of California at Berkeley.</p><p></p><p>During his career, Segrè made numerous important contributions to the fields of nuclear physics and particle physics. One of his most significant achievements was his discovery of the antiproton, a subatomic particle with the same mass as a proton but with a opposite electrical charge. This discovery helped to establish the concept of antimatter and had a profound impact on our understanding of the universe.</p><p></p><p>Segrè was also instrumental in the development of the field of particle physics, particularly in the study of mesons, particles that mediate the strong force between protons and neutrons. He conducted extensive research on mesons and their properties, and his work helped to lay the foundation for our understanding of the strong force and the structure of atomic nuclei.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his research, Segrè was also a dedicated educator and mentor, and he was passionate about inspiring future generations of scientists. He taught at a number of universities throughout his career, including the University of Pennsylvania and the University of California at Berkeley.</p><p></p><p>Segrè was recognized for his many contributions to the fields of nuclear physics and particle physics and was awarded numerous honors and awards throughout his career, including the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1959.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Emilio Segrè was a pioneering physicist who made significant contributions to the fields of nuclear physics and particle physics. His discovery of the antiproton and his research on mesons had a profound impact on our understanding of the fundamental building blocks of matter and the forces that govern the universe. His dedication to education and mentorship has inspired many future generations of scientists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','emilio-segra'),(65,'  Alfonso Caso y Andrade','<p>Alfonso Caso y Andrade was a Mexican archaeologist and one of the most prominent figures in the study of Mexico\'s ancient civilizations. Born on January 27, 1870, in Mexico City, Caso was fascinated by the rich cultural heritage of his country from a young age and dedicated his life to preserving and understanding the legacy of Mexico\'s ancient civilizations.</p><p></p><p>Caso earned a degree in law from the National Preparatory School in Mexico City, but he soon realized that his true passion lay in archaeology. He went on to study archaeology at the National Museum of Archaeology, History, and Ethnography and later at the National School of Anthropology and History.</p><p></p><p>During his long and illustrious career, Caso made numerous important contributions to the study of Mexico\'s ancient civilizations. He was particularly known for his work on the ancient Zapotec civilization, which was centered in the Oaxaca Valley of southern Mexico. Caso conducted extensive fieldwork in the Oaxaca Valley and was instrumental in uncovering the ruins of the ancient city of Monte Alban, which was the center of Zapotec civilization.</p><p></p><p>Caso was also a dedicated educator and mentor, and he was passionate about inspiring future generations of archaeologists and scholars. He taught at the National School of Anthropology and History for many years, and he was a founding member of the Mexican Society of Archaeology.</p><p></p><p>Caso was recognized for his many contributions to the study of Mexico\'s ancient civilizations and was awarded numerous honors and awards throughout his career, including the Mexican National Prize for Arts and Sciences in the Social Sciences category in 1961.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Alfonso Caso y Andrade was a Mexican archaeologist who made significant contributions to the study of Mexico\'s ancient civilizations. His work on the Zapotec civilization and the uncovering of the ruins of Monte Alban had a profound impact on our understanding of Mexico\'s rich cultural heritage. His dedication to education and mentorship has inspired many future generations of archaeologists and scholars.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','alfonso-caso-y-andrade'),(66,'  Gertrude Caton-Thompson','<p>Gertrude Caton-Thompson was a British archaeologist and ethnographer who made significant contributions to the study of African archaeology and cultures. Born on January 10, 1888, in Bristol, England, Caton-Thompson was fascinated by the cultures and civilizations of Africa from a young age and dedicated her life to studying and preserving the rich cultural heritage of the continent.</p><p></p><p>Caton-Thompson earned a degree in geography from University College London and went on to study archaeology and anthropology at the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. She then traveled to Africa to conduct fieldwork and lived and worked in various countries, including Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, and Zimbabwe.</p><p></p><p>During her career, Caton-Thompson made numerous important contributions to the study of African archaeology and cultures. She was particularly known for her work on the prehistory of Zimbabwe and was instrumental in uncovering the ruins of the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe. This discovery helped to establish Zimbabwe as one of the most important archaeological sites in Africa and had a profound impact on our understanding of the ancient civilizations of southern Africa.</p><p></p><p>Caton-Thompson was also a dedicated educator and mentor, and she was passionate about inspiring future generations of archaeologists and scholars. She taught at the University of London for many years and was a founding member of the British Institute in Eastern Africa.</p><p></p><p>Caton-Thompson was recognized for her many contributions to the study of African archaeology and cultures and was awarded numerous honors and awards throughout her career, including the Livingstone Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 1951.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Gertrude Caton-Thompson was a British archaeologist and ethnographer who made significant contributions to the study of African archaeology and cultures. Her work on the prehistory of Zimbabwe and the uncovering of the ruins of Great Zimbabwe had a profound impact on our understanding of the ancient civilizations of southern Africa. Her dedication to education and mentorship has inspired many future generations of archaeologists and scholars.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','gertrude-caton-thompson'),(67,'  Lydia M. DeWitt','<p>Lydia M. DeWitt was an American archaeologist who made important contributions to the study of prehistoric cultures in the southeastern United States. Born in 1887, DeWitt was one of the first women to earn a PhD in archaeology in the United States and was a pioneer in her field.</p><p></p><p>DeWitt earned her undergraduate degree from Wellesley College and went on to earn a PhD in archaeology from Columbia University. During her studies, she became interested in the prehistoric cultures of the southeastern United States and made this her area of expertise.</p><p></p><p>Throughout her career, DeWitt conducted extensive fieldwork in the southeastern United States, particularly in the Tennessee River Valley, and was instrumental in uncovering important evidence of the ancient cultures that once inhabited the region. She was particularly known for her work on the Mississippian culture and was one of the first archaeologists to use stratigraphic excavation techniques to study this culture.</p><p></p><p>DeWitt was also a dedicated educator and mentor and was passionate about inspiring future generations of archaeologists and scholars. She taught at Columbia University and Vassar College, and she was a founding member of the Society for American Archaeology.</p><p></p><p>DeWitt was recognized for her many contributions to the study of prehistoric cultures in the southeastern United States and was awarded numerous honors and awards throughout her career, including the prestigious Viking Fund Medal in Archaeology in 1955.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Lydia M. DeWitt was an American archaeologist who made important contributions to the study of prehistoric cultures in the southeastern United States. Her work on the Mississippian culture and her use of stratigraphic excavation techniques had a profound impact on our understanding of the ancient civilizations that once inhabited the region. Her dedication to education and mentorship has inspired many future generations of archaeologists and scholars.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','lydia-m-dewitt'),(68,'  Eduard Adolf Strasburger','<p>Eduard Adolf Strasburger was a German botanist and geneticist who made significant contributions to the field of plant cell biology. Born on February 7, 1844, in the city of Poznań in present-day Poland, Strasburger was fascinated by plants and their biology from a young age.</p><p></p><p>Strasburger studied botany and biology at the University of Berlin, where he became interested in the structure and function of plant cells. He went on to conduct extensive research on this topic and was instrumental in advancing our understanding of plant cell biology.</p><p></p><p>One of Strasburger\'s most important contributions was his discovery of the process of cell division in plants, which he described in detail in his 1875 book \"Die Zellteilung in den Phanerogamen.\" This work established the basic principles of plant cell division and helped to lay the foundation for our modern understanding of cell biology.</p><p></p><p>Strasburger was also a dedicated educator and was passionate about inspiring future generations of botanists and biologists. He taught at the University of Strasbourg for many years and was a member of the Royal Society of Sciences in Göttingen and the Royal Society of Sciences in Berlin.</p><p></p><p>Strasburger was recognized for his many contributions to the field of plant cell biology and was awarded numerous honors and awards throughout his career, including the prestigious Darwin Medal of the Royal Society of Sciences in 1909.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Eduard Adolf Strasburger was a German botanist and geneticist who made significant contributions to the field of plant cell biology. His discovery of the process of cell division in plants had a profound impact on our understanding of cell biology and helped to lay the foundation for modern cell biology. His dedication to education and mentorship has inspired many future generations of botanists and biologists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','eduard-adolf-strasburger'),(69,'  G. Stanley Hall','<p>G. Stanley Hall was an American psychologist and educationalist who made important contributions to the fields of child development and educational psychology. Born on February 1, 1844, in Ashfield, Massachusetts, Hall was fascinated by the human mind and behavior from a young age.</p><p></p><p>Hall studied psychology and philosophy at Williams College and went on to earn a PhD in psychology from Harvard University. During his studies, he became interested in the field of child development and made this his area of expertise.</p><p></p><p>Throughout his career, Hall conducted extensive research on child development and was instrumental in advancing our understanding of this field. He was particularly known for his work on adolescent development and was one of the first psychologists to study this stage of life in detail.</p><p></p><p>Hall was also a dedicated educator and was passionate about inspiring future generations of psychologists and educators. He taught at several universities, including Johns Hopkins University and Clark University, where he founded the first laboratory for the study of child development in the United States.</p><p></p><p>Hall was recognized for his many contributions to the fields of child development and educational psychology and was awarded numerous honors and awards throughout his career, including the prestigious James McKeen Cattell Award from the American Psychological Association in 1913.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, G. Stanley Hall was an American psychologist and educationalist who made important contributions to the fields of child development and educational psychology. His work on adolescent development had a profound impact on our understanding of this stage of life and helped to lay the foundation for modern developmental psychology. His dedication to education and mentorship has inspired many future generations of psychologists and educators.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','g-stanley-hall'),(70,'  Sir John Isaac Thornycroft','<p>Sir John Isaac Thornycroft was an English engineer and shipbuilder who made significant contributions to the fields of naval architecture and shipbuilding. Born on July 5, 1843, in Chiswick, London, Thornycroft was fascinated by engineering and boats from a young age.</p><p></p><p>Thornycroft trained as an engineer and went on to work in his father\'s shipbuilding company, where he gained valuable experience in ship design and construction. He was known for his innovative designs and was one of the pioneers of the use of steel in shipbuilding.</p><p></p><p>Throughout his career, Thornycroft was dedicated to improving the design and performance of ships, and he made many important contributions to the field of naval architecture. He was particularly known for his work on torpedo boats and was one of the first designers to create these fast and agile vessels for naval use.</p><p></p><p>Thornycroft was also a dedicated entrepreneur and was passionate about promoting the shipbuilding industry in England. He founded the Thornycroft shipbuilding company and was instrumental in the growth of this business, which became one of the largest and most successful shipbuilding companies in England.</p><p></p><p>Thornycroft was recognized for his many contributions to the fields of naval architecture and shipbuilding and was awarded numerous honors and awards throughout his career, including a knighthood in 1916.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Sir John Isaac Thornycroft was an English engineer and shipbuilder who made significant contributions to the fields of naval architecture and shipbuilding. His innovative designs and dedication to improving the performance of ships had a profound impact on the development of these fields, and his entrepreneurial spirit and passion for the shipbuilding industry have inspired many future generations of engineers and shipbuilders.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','sir-john-isaac-thornycroft'),(71,'  Donald Douglas','<p>Donald Wills Douglas Sr. was an American aviation pioneer and entrepreneur who founded the Douglas Aircraft Company, one of the largest and most successful aircraft manufacturers of the 20th century. Born on December 6, 1892, in Brooklyn, New York, Douglas was fascinated by aviation from a young age.</p><p></p><p>After studying engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Douglas worked as an engineer at the Glenn Martin Company, where he gained valuable experience in aircraft design and construction. He was known for his innovative designs and was one of the pioneers of the use of aluminum in aircraft construction.</p><p></p><p>In 1920, Douglas founded the Douglas Aircraft Company and was instrumental in its growth and success. He was passionate about creating high-quality and reliable aircraft and was dedicated to advancing the field of aviation. Under his leadership, the Douglas Aircraft Company became one of the largest and most successful aircraft manufacturers in the world, producing iconic aircraft such as the DC-3, one of the most successful commercial airliners of all time.</p><p></p><p>Douglas was recognized for his many contributions to the field of aviation and was awarded numerous honors and awards throughout his career, including the prestigious Collier Trophy in 1935.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Donald Wills Douglas Sr. was an American aviation pioneer and entrepreneur who founded the Douglas Aircraft Company, one of the largest and most successful aircraft manufacturers of the 20th century. His innovative designs and dedication to advancing the field of aviation have had a profound impact on the development of this industry and have inspired many future generations of aircraft designers and manufacturers.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','donald-douglas'),(72,'  Werner Heisenberg','<p>Werner Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum mechanics. Born on December 5, 1901, in Würzburg, Germany, Heisenberg was fascinated by physics from a young age.</p><p></p><p>Heisenberg studied physics at the University of Munich and went on to work with some of the greatest physicists of his time, including Max Planck and Niels Bohr. He was particularly interested in understanding the behavior of subatomic particles and was one of the key figures in the development of quantum mechanics, a new and groundbreaking theory of the behavior of particles at the quantum level.</p><p></p><p>In 1925, Heisenberg introduced his famous \"uncertainty principle,\" which stated that it was impossible to determine both the position and velocity of a subatomic particle with complete accuracy. This principle revolutionized the field of physics and has since become one of the cornerstones of quantum mechanics.</p><p></p><p>Throughout his career, Heisenberg made many important contributions to the field of physics and was awarded numerous honors and awards for his work. He was a dedicated scientist and teacher, and he inspired many future generations of physicists with his work and ideas.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Werner Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist who was one of the pioneers of quantum mechanics. His famous \"uncertainty principle\" and many other contributions to the field of physics have had a profound impact on our understanding of the universe and have inspired countless future generations of physicists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','werner-heisenberg'),(73,'  George H. Whipple','<p>George Hoyt Whipple was an American physician and medical researcher who made significant contributions to the understanding of human physiology and the treatment of various diseases. Born on August 28, 1878, in Ashland, New Hampshire, Whipple was interested in medicine and science from a young age.</p><p></p><p>After obtaining his medical degree from Johns Hopkins University, Whipple went on to pursue a career in research and teaching. He was particularly interested in understanding the workings of the human body and was one of the first researchers to study the role of the liver in the storage and processing of glucose.</p><p></p><p>Whipple\'s groundbreaking research on the liver\'s role in glucose metabolism led to the development of new treatments for diseases such as diabetes and liver disease. He was also interested in the treatment of anemia and made important contributions to our understanding of this condition and the development of treatments for it.</p><p></p><p>Throughout his career, Whipple was recognized for his many contributions to the field of medicine and was awarded numerous honors and awards for his work. He was a dedicated scientist and physician, and he inspired many future generations of medical researchers with his work and ideas.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, George Hoyt Whipple was an American physician and medical researcher who made significant contributions to the understanding of human physiology and the treatment of various diseases. His groundbreaking research on the liver\'s role in glucose metabolism and his many other contributions to the field of medicine have had a profound impact on our understanding of the human body and have helped improve the lives of countless people.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','george-h-whipple'),(74,'  Clinton Joseph Davisson','<p>Clinton Joseph Davisson was an American physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937 for his discovery of electron diffraction. Born on October 22, 1881, in Bloomington, Illinois, Davisson was fascinated by science and mathematics from a young age.</p><p></p><p>After obtaining his degree in engineering from Princeton University, Davisson went on to work as a physicist at Bell Telephone Laboratories. It was there that he made his most famous discovery - the diffraction of electrons. This discovery showed that electrons could be diffracted, just like light, and provided strong evidence for the wave-particle duality of matter.</p><p></p><p>Davisson\'s discovery of electron diffraction was a major milestone in the field of physics and helped to establish the field of solid-state physics. He continued to make important contributions to the field throughout his career, and was widely recognized for his work.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Clinton Joseph Davisson was an American physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937 for his discovery of electron diffraction. This discovery provided strong evidence for the wave-particle duality of matter and helped establish the field of solid-state physics. Davisson\'s many contributions to the field of physics have had a profound impact on our understanding of the universe and have inspired countless future generations of physicists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','clinton-joseph-davisson'),(75,'  Edwin Armstrong','<p>Edwin Howard Armstrong was an American inventor and engineer who made significant contributions to the development of radio technology. Born on December 18, 1890, in New York City, Armstrong was interested in electronics and science from a young age.</p><p></p><p>After obtaining his degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University, Armstrong went on to pursue a career in radio technology. He was particularly interested in improving the quality and range of radio transmissions and is best known for his invention of two key radio technologies: the regenerative circuit and the superheterodyne receiver.</p><p></p><p>The regenerative circuit was a simple and efficient way of amplifying radio signals, while the superheterodyne receiver was a major improvement over existing radio receivers. These two innovations helped to revolutionize the field of radio communication and made it possible to transmit high-quality audio signals over long distances.</p><p></p><p>Armstrong continued to make important contributions to the field of radio technology throughout his career, and was widely recognized for his work. In addition to his technical achievements, he was also a passionate advocate for the fair and equitable use of the radio spectrum, and he worked tirelessly to ensure that the airwaves were used for the benefit of all people.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Edwin Howard Armstrong was an American inventor and engineer who made significant contributions to the development of radio technology. His inventions of the regenerative circuit and the superheterodyne receiver helped revolutionize the field of radio communication and made it possible to transmit high-quality audio signals over long distances. Armstrong\'s many contributions to the field of radio technology and his advocacy for the fair and equitable use of the radio spectrum have had a profound impact on our world and have inspired countless future generations of engineers and scientists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','edwin-armstrong'),(76,'  Sir George Gabriel Stokes','<p>Sir George Gabriel Stokes was an Irish mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to the fields of optics and fluid dynamics. Born on August 13, 1819, in Skreen, Ireland, Stokes was a gifted student from a young age, and he went on to study at Trinity College, Dublin.</p><p></p><p>Stokes is best known for his work on the theory of light and color, particularly his discovery of the phenomenon now known as Stokes\' Law. This law states that the polarization of light is directly proportional to the angle between the plane of polarization and the direction of the incident light.</p><p></p><p>Stokes\' work on light and color helped to establish the field of physical optics and provided important insights into the nature of light. He also made important contributions to the field of fluid dynamics, including his formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations, which describe the motion of fluid in terms of its velocity and pressure.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his scientific achievements, Stokes was also an accomplished administrator and educator. He served as the Secretary of the Royal Society and as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University, and he was instrumental in establishing the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Sir George Gabriel Stokes was an Irish mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to the fields of optics and fluid dynamics. His work on the theory of light and color helped establish the field of physical optics, and his formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations provided important insights into the motion of fluid. Stokes\' many contributions to science and education have had a profound impact on our understanding of the world and have inspired countless future generations of scientists and mathematicians.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','sir-george-gabriel-stokes'),(77,'  Sidney Gilchrist Thomas','<p>Sidney Gilchrist Thomas was a British metallurgist who made important contributions to the development of the Bessemer process for steel production. Born on August 6, 1850, in Swansea, Wales, Thomas was the son of a metallurgical chemist, and he was interested in science from a young age.</p><p></p><p>Thomas is best known for his work on the Bessemer process, a method for producing steel by blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities. The Bessemer process was widely used in the 19th century and was instrumental in revolutionizing the steel industry.</p><p></p><p>Thomas recognized that the impurities in molten iron were largely due to the presence of phosphorus, which was difficult to remove using the existing methods. He developed a new process that used a mixture of lime and spiegel (a type of iron ore) to remove phosphorus from molten iron, and this process became known as the Thomas process.</p><p></p><p>The Thomas process was a major improvement over the original Bessemer process, and it helped to make steel production more efficient and cost-effective. In recognition of his work, Thomas was awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal in 1879 by the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Sidney Gilchrist Thomas was a British metallurgist who made important contributions to the development of the Bessemer process for steel production. His work on the Thomas process helped to make steel production more efficient and cost-effective, and his innovations have had a profound impact on the steel industry and on the world.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','sidney-gilchrist-thomas'),(78,'  Antoine A. B. Bussy','<p>Antoine A. B. Bussy was a French chemist who made important contributions to the field of organic chemistry. Born on June 4, 1857, in Paris, France, Bussy was interested in science from a young age, and he went on to study chemistry at the École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris.</p><p></p><p>Bussy is best known for his work on the synthesis of organic compounds, particularly his development of the Bussy reaction, a chemical reaction that allows for the preparation of substituted benzene derivatives. This reaction is widely used in organic chemistry and has had a significant impact on the field.</p><p></p><p>Bussy also made important contributions to the study of carboxylic acids and their derivatives, and he is recognized for his work on the reaction mechanisms involved in these compounds. He published many papers on his research and was widely respected for his contributions to the field of organic chemistry.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his scientific achievements, Bussy was also an accomplished educator and served as a professor of chemistry at the École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris. He was committed to the education and development of young scientists, and he was widely recognized for his contributions to the field of chemistry and to the education of future generations of chemists.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Antoine A. B. Bussy was a French chemist who made important contributions to the field of organic chemistry. His work on the synthesis of organic compounds and the reaction mechanisms involved in carboxylic acids and their derivatives has had a significant impact on the field, and his contributions to the education of future generations of chemists have inspired countless young scientists.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','antoine-a-b-bussy'),(79,'  Sir Dominic John Corrigan','<p>Sir Dominic John Corrigan was an Irish physician and cardiologist who made important contributions to the field of medicine. Born in Dublin, Ireland, on December 26, 1802, Corrigan was interested in medicine from a young age, and he went on to study medicine at Trinity College Dublin.</p><p></p><p>Corrigan is best known for his work on the diagnosis and treatment of heart conditions, particularly his descriptions of two types of heart murmur, which are now known as \"Corrigan\'s pulse\" and \"Corrigan\'s sign\". These descriptions were groundbreaking at the time and helped to advance the understanding of heart disease.</p><p></p><p>Corrigan was also known for his work on valvular heart disease, which is a condition in which the valves in the heart become damaged and do not function properly. He was one of the first physicians to recognize the importance of this condition and he made important contributions to the understanding of its causes and treatment.</p><p></p><p>In addition to his scientific achievements, Corrigan was also a talented educator and served as a professor of medicine at Trinity College Dublin. He was widely respected for his contributions to the field of medicine, and he was awarded numerous honors and accolades throughout his career, including the title of Knight Bachelor in 1864.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, Sir Dominic John Corrigan was an Irish physician and cardiologist who made important contributions to the field of medicine. His work on the diagnosis and treatment of heart conditions and valvular heart disease helped to advance the understanding of these conditions and has had a lasting impact on the field of medicine. He was a talented educator and widely respected for his contributions to the field, and his legacy continues to inspire future generations of physicians.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','sir-dominic-john-corrigan'),(81,'  John By','<p>John By was a British army officer and military engineer who played a significant role in the construction of the Rideau Canal in Canada. Born in 1779 in Hampshire, England, By joined the British army as a young man and was sent to Canada in the early 19th century.</p><p></p><p>By was appointed as the chief engineer for the Rideau Canal project, which aimed to create a waterway linking the Ottawa River with Lake Ontario. The canal was an important transportation route for military supplies and goods, and its construction was seen as critical for the defense and economic development of Upper Canada (now Ontario).</p><p></p><p>John By was responsible for overseeing the construction of the canal, which involved the construction of locks, dams, and channels. Despite facing numerous challenges, including difficult terrain, harsh weather conditions, and limited resources, By was able to complete the canal in just six years, a remarkable achievement at the time.</p><p></p><p>The Rideau Canal was a great success and became a vital transportation route for goods and supplies in the region. It remains in use today as a popular recreational waterway, and it is widely regarded as a remarkable feat of engineering.</p><p></p><p>John By was highly regarded for his contributions to the construction of the Rideau Canal and was recognized for his efforts with several awards and honors. He is remembered today as one of the key figures in the construction of the canal and as an important figure in the history of Canadian engineering.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, John By was a British army officer and military engineer who played a significant role in the construction of the Rideau Canal in Canada. His efforts to oversee the construction of the canal, despite facing numerous challenges, were a remarkable achievement, and the canal remains in use today as a popular recreational waterway and as a symbol of his contributions to Canadian engineering.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','john-by'),(82,'  Hand-held calculator','<p>A hand-held calculator is a small, portable electronic device used for performing mathematical calculations. The first hand-held calculators were introduced in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and since then, they have become an indispensable tool for people in a wide range of professions, including business, finance, engineering, and education.</p><p></p><p>The hand-held calculator operates by using an electronic circuit to perform mathematical operations. It typically includes a numeric keypad for inputting numbers, as well as buttons for performing arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Many hand-held calculators also include advanced functions, such as square root, logarithm, and trigonometric functions, which are useful for scientific and technical applications.</p><p></p><p>One of the key advantages of the hand-held calculator is its convenience and portability. It can be easily carried in a pocket or briefcase, making it ideal for use in a variety of situations, such as in meetings, at home, or in the classroom. Additionally, the hand-held calculator eliminates the need for manual calculations, which can be time-consuming and prone to error. This has made it an essential tool for people in a wide range of professions, who use it for everything from basic arithmetic to complex financial calculations.</p><p></p><p>Over the years, hand-held calculators have become smaller, more advanced, and more affordable. Today, many hand-held calculators include features such as a large, easy-to-read display, backlit keys, and memory functions, which make them even more versatile and user-friendly.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, the hand-held calculator is a small, portable electronic device that is used for performing mathematical calculations. It has become an indispensable tool for people in a wide range of professions, due to its convenience, accuracy, and versatility. With its continued advancements and innovations, the hand-held calculator is sure to remain a useful and widely used tool for many years to come.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','hand-held-calculator'),(83,'  Moving X-Ray pictures','<p>Moving X-ray pictures, also known as fluoroscopy, is a type of medical imaging that allows doctors and other medical professionals to see the internal structures of a patient\'s body in real-time. Unlike traditional X-rays, which produce a static image, moving X-rays use continuous X-ray radiation to produce a live video stream of the patient\'s internal structures, allowing medical professionals to see the movement of organs and other structures in real-time.</p><p></p><p>Fluoroscopy is commonly used in a variety of medical procedures, including gastrointestinal exams, barium swallow studies, and spinal injections. During these procedures, the patient is positioned in front of an X-ray machine and a special dye is often introduced into the patient\'s body, which allows the internal structures to be more visible on the X-ray image.</p><p></p><p>One of the main benefits of moving X-rays is that they provide a real-time view of internal structures, which can be especially useful during diagnostic procedures or surgeries. This can help medical professionals to quickly identify any abnormalities or issues that may be present, and make more informed decisions about the best course of treatment.</p><p></p><p>Moving X-rays are also beneficial because they can help to reduce the number of X-rays a patient needs to have. Traditional X-rays typically require multiple images to be taken from different angles in order to get a complete view of a patient\'s internal structures. With fluoroscopy, however, medical professionals can see these structures in real-time, eliminating the need for multiple images.</p><p></p><p>Despite their benefits, moving X-rays do have some limitations and risks. Because they use continuous X-ray radiation, patients and medical professionals are exposed to a higher level of radiation compared to traditional X-rays. This can increase the risk of radiation-related health issues, such as cancer. In addition, moving X-rays can be more expensive compared to traditional X-rays, and they require specialized equipment and trained medical professionals to perform.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, moving X-ray pictures, also known as fluoroscopy, is a type of medical imaging that allows doctors and other medical professionals to see the internal structures of a patient\'s body in real-time. This can be especially useful during diagnostic procedures or surgeries, and can help to reduce the number of X-rays a patient needs to have. However, moving X-rays do have some limitations and risks, including higher levels of radiation exposure and higher costs. Nevertheless, they remain an important tool in the field of medical imaging.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','moving-x-ray-pictures'),(84,'  Atomic explosion broadcast','<p>An atomic explosion broadcast is a live transmission of the explosion of an atomic bomb. These broadcasts were first recorded and televised in 1945, when the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.</p><p></p><p>The first atomic explosion broadcast was filmed by the United States military and showed the destruction caused by the bomb in both cities. The footage was widely distributed and broadcast around the world, providing the public with their first glimpse of the destructive power of nuclear weapons.</p><p></p><p>The impact of the atomic explosion broadcasts was profound and far-reaching. They helped to bring the reality of nuclear war to the forefront of the public consciousness and sparked widespread fear and concern about the future of humanity. The broadcasts also helped to bring about a greater understanding of the science behind atomic bombs and the dangers posed by nuclear weapons.</p><p></p><p>In the years following the atomic explosion broadcasts, the dangers of nuclear war became a major focus of international relations and politics. The world\'s leading powers, including the United States and the Soviet Union, engaged in a nuclear arms race, building ever-larger arsenals of nuclear weapons in a bid to achieve strategic superiority.</p><p></p><p>However, the fear of nuclear war also led to a greater focus on arms control and disarmament efforts. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, signed in 1968, was a major step towards reducing the global stockpile of nuclear weapons and limiting the spread of nuclear weapons to additional countries.</p><p></p><p>In recent years, the threat of nuclear war has diminished, but the dangers of nuclear weapons remain. With the ongoing tensions between nuclear-armed states, the continued development of nuclear weapons technology, and the increasing spread of nuclear weapons to more countries, the issue of nuclear weapons remains a pressing concern for the international community.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, the atomic explosion broadcasts of the 1940s marked a major turning point in the history of nuclear weapons and the public\'s understanding of their dangers. Despite the decline of the threat of nuclear war in recent years, the dangers posed by nuclear weapons remain a pressing concern for the world today.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','atomic-explosion-broadcast'),(85,'  Virus DNA','<p>Virus DNA refers to the genetic material found within a virus that is responsible for encoding the information necessary for the virus to replicate and infect host cells. Unlike the DNA of most living organisms, which is composed of double-stranded DNA molecules, virus DNA can take many different forms, including single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules, or even a DNA-RNA hybrid.</p><p></p><p>The genetic material of a virus is usually stored within a protein shell called a capsid. This capsid protects the virus DNA and helps it to evade the host\'s immune system. Once a virus infects a host cell, it can use the cell\'s metabolic machinery to replicate its genetic material and produce more virions (virus particles).</p><p></p><p>Virus DNA is an important target for antiviral drugs, as it is the genetic material that allows the virus to replicate and spread. Drugs that target virus DNA can prevent the virus from replicating, effectively stopping the spread of the virus and reducing its impact on the host.</p><p></p><p>There are several different ways that antiviral drugs can target virus DNA. For example, some drugs can interfere with the enzymes used by the virus to replicate its genetic material, while others can prevent the virus from entering host cells or disrupt the process by which the virus injects its DNA into the host cell.</p><p></p><p>In addition to its use as a target for antiviral drugs, virus DNA is also a valuable tool for studying the biology of viruses and their evolution. For example, by analyzing the genetic material of different virus strains, scientists can learn more about the evolutionary history of viruses and the mechanisms they use to adapt to new hosts.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, virus DNA is a crucial component of virus replication and a target for antiviral drugs. The study of virus DNA has provided important insights into the biology of viruses and their evolution, and has helped to advance our understanding of the interactions between viruses and host cells.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','virus-dna'),(86,'  Fingerprints','<p>Fingerprints are unique patterns found on the fingertips of individuals that can be used to identify individuals. The patterns are made up of ridges and valleys on the surface of the skin, which are formed by the way the skin grows and develops while the individual is in the womb.</p><p></p><p>Fingerprints have been used as a form of identification for over a century, and their use has become widespread in criminal investigations, as well as in various other areas of law enforcement, such as immigration and border control.</p><p></p><p>One of the key features of fingerprints is that they are unique to each individual. No two individuals have exactly the same fingerprint patterns, and even identical twins have different fingerprints. This makes fingerprints an effective tool for identifying individuals, as the likelihood of two individuals having the same fingerprint patterns is extremely low.</p><p></p><p>The process of collecting fingerprints involves dusting the surface of an object, such as a door handle or piece of glass, with a fine powder that will stick to any latent (invisible) fingerprints that may be present. The fingerprints can then be lifted using special tape or a similar method, and can be compared to known prints to determine if there is a match.</p><p></p><p>In recent years, advances in technology have made it possible to use digital fingerprint databases to search for matches in a matter of seconds. This has greatly increased the speed and efficiency of criminal investigations, and has helped to solve many crimes that would have been difficult or impossible to solve in the past.</p><p></p><p>In addition to their use in criminal investigations, fingerprints are also used in other areas of life, such as for security purposes, such as unlocking smartphones and other devices, and for employee background checks.</p><p></p><p>In conclusion, fingerprints are a unique and important tool for identifying individuals. They are widely used in criminal investigations and have played a crucial role in solving many crimes. With advances in technology, the use of fingerprints is likely to continue to expand in the future.</p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-01','0000-00-00 00:00:00.000000','fingerprints');

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-- Table structure for table `blog_post`
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INSERT INTO `blog_post` VALUES (3,'What is Cyber Security','what-cyber-security','2022-02-23 17:16:02.547543','<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Cybersecurity is the state or process of protecting and recovering computer systems, networks, devices, and programs from </span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><font color=\"#000000\">any type of cyber attack</font></span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. Cyber attacks are an increasingly sophisticated and </span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><font color=\"#000000\">evolving danger to your sensitive data</font></span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> as attackers employ new methods powered by social engineering and artificial intelligence (AI) to circumvent traditional data security controls.</span></p><p><b style=\"font-weight:normal;\" id=\"docs-internal-guid-33130ba2-7fff-01fb-6759-9d4596587a21\"><br></b></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The fact of the matter is the world is increasingly reliant on technology and this reliance will continue as we introduce the next generation of new technology that will have access to our connected devices via Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.</span></p><p><br></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">To keep customer data protected while embracing new technology, intelligent cloud security solutions should be implemented alongside strong passwords policies like multi-factor authentication to mitigate unauthorized access.</span></p>','2022-02-23 17:16:02.547580','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration.jpg',1,'Cybersecurity is the state or process of protecting and recovering computer systems, networks, devices, and programs from any type of cyber attack.',1,15),(4,'Why Cyber Security','why-cyber-security','2022-02-23 17:17:12.805883','<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Cyber security is important because it encompasses everything that relates to protecting our data from cyber attackers who want to steal this information and use it to cause harm. This can be sensitive data, governmental and industry information, personal information, personally identifiable information (PII), intellectual property, and protected health information (PHI).&nbsp;</span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Having advanced cyber defence programs and mechanisms in place to protect this data is crucial and in everyone’s interest. Everyone in society relies on critical infrastructure such as hospitals and other healthcare institutions, financial service programs, and power plants. We need these to keep our society running.</span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><br></span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">At an individual level, cyber security attacks can lead to identity theft and extortion attempts, which can do serious damage to that individual’s life.</span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><br></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">We all rely on the safety of our data and personal information. For example, when logging into an application or when filling in more sensitive data in digital healthcare systems. If these systems, networks, and infrastructures don\'t have the right protection in place, our data might fall into the wrong hands. In this sense, we\'re talking about protection in the form of technology and policies.</span></p><p></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">The same goes for organisations and businesses, governments, the military, and other socially critical organisations. They store enormous amounts of data in data warehouses, on computers, and other devices. Much of this data includes sensitive information. Exposure of this information can in many cases be very harmful—to citizen trust in institutions, to business competitiveness, personal reputations, and consumer trust in companies.</span></p><div><span style=\"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><br></span></div>','2022-02-23 17:17:12.805952','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_XNBqeGZ.jpg',1,'Cyber security is important because it encompasses everything that relates to protecting our data from cyber attackers who want to steal this information and use it to cause harm.',1,15),(5,'Information Security','information-security','2022-02-23 17:18:07.080851','<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-40360889-7fff-89cd-10c1-ebc323d60968\"></span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. The terms information security, computer security and information assurance are frequently used interchangeably. These fields are interrelated and share the common goals of protecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information; however, there are some subtle differences between them. These differences lie primarily in the approach to the subject, the methodologies used, and the areas of concentration. Information security is concerned with the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data regardless of the form the data may take: electronic, print, or other forms.</span></p>','2022-02-23 17:18:07.080888','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_y7Ttu39.jpg',1,'Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.',1,15),(6,'Information Security Vs Cyber Security','information-security-vs-cyber-security','2022-02-23 17:19:39.526630','<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;padding:0pt 0pt 20pt 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">While there continues to be a lively online debate about whether cyber security and information security mean the same thing, it makes sense to look at cyber security as a form of information security. Think of information security as an umbrella, with cyber security and other security topics like cryptography and mobile computing underneath it.</span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;padding:0pt 0pt 20pt 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Drawing a clear distinction can be tough, though, given that simple geography can make an impact. For example, the term cyber security is used widely throughout the United States, but in other countries around the world, it could also be commonly called information security. This and other factors have helped keep the cyber security versus information security debate alive.</span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;padding:0pt 0pt 20pt 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">There are other distinctions in the cyber security vs information security discussion, too.&nbsp; While cyber security deals with protecting the information in cyberspace, information security means protecting the data in cyberspace and beyond. In other words, the Internet or the endpoint device may only be part of the larger picture. Both involve protecting cyberspace from hacks, which can include ransomware, spyware, malware, and other types of harmful software that can cause all kinds of havoc. Cyber security professionals, however, have a more narrow focus.</span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;padding:0pt 0pt 20pt 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Cyber security professionals take an active role in helping to protect servers, endpoints, databases, and networks by finding holes and misconfigurations that create vulnerabilities. In other words, they are responsible for preventing breaches. The most talented think like hackers and may have even been one in the past. Of course, information security professionals are also concerned with data loss prevention. They work together with their cyber counterparts on it but may take a broader role in prioritizing the most sensitive data first and making a plan for how to recover from a breach.</span></p><p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-62b7bb3b-7fff-7156-84eb-c6f3f4a380ee\"></span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:20pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">It\'s also helpful to think of the difference between data and information at a more fundamental level. Data can be anything — a series of numbers, for example — but all data is not equal. What that data represents and how sensitive it falls squarely under the purview of information security professionals. If a series of numbers was a customer\'s credit card number, for example, it is the responsibility of information security teams to ensure that they are compliant with government regulations. Again, they work closely with their cyber colleagues to ensure that the most critical data is safe. But are responsible for a much more significant stake of overall security in an organization.</span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:20pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Roboto,sans-serif;color:#51565e;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><br></span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:20pt;\"></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:20pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Roboto,sans-serif;color:#51565e;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-50ad375f-7fff-a547-b6a1-644fdf4fe429\"></span></span></p><div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left:0pt;\" align=\"left\"><table style=\"border:none;border-collapse:collapse;\"><colgroup><col width=\"334\"><col width=\"290\"></colgroup><tbody><tr style=\"height:42.75pt\"><td style=\"border-left:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-right:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-top:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;background-color:#edf2f5;padding:12pt 9pt 12pt 9pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Cyber Security</span></p></td><td style=\"border-left:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-right:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-top:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;vertical-align:bottom;background-color:#edf2f5;padding:12pt 9pt 12pt 9pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Information Security</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:83.25pt\"><td style=\"border-left:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-right:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-top:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;padding:12pt 9pt 12pt 9pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Focuses solely on online threats</span></p></td><td style=\"border-left:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-right:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-top:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;padding:12pt 9pt 12pt 9pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:20pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Takes a mile-high view of the security landscape</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:83.25pt\"><td style=\"border-left:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-right:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-top:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;padding:12pt 9pt 12pt 9pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Learns to think like a hacker</span></p></td><td style=\"border-left:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-right:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-top:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;padding:12pt 9pt 12pt 9pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:20pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Deals with the protection of data from any threat</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:60.75pt\"><td style=\"border-left:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-right:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-top:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;padding:12pt 9pt 12pt 9pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Develops a deep understanding of malicious software</span></p></td><td style=\"border-left:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-right:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-top:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;padding:12pt 9pt 12pt 9pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Oversees unauthorized access/modification/disruption</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:83.25pt\"><td style=\"border-left:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-right:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-top:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;padding:12pt 9pt 12pt 9pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Acts as the first line of defense&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p></td><td style=\"border-left:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-right:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-bottom:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;border-top:solid #e6ecef 0.75pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;padding:12pt 9pt 12pt 9pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:20pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(81, 86, 94); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Makes plans to recover from a breach</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:20pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Roboto,sans-serif;color:#51565e;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><br></span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:20pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Roboto,sans-serif;color:#51565e;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><br></span></p>','2022-02-23 17:19:39.526668','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_pygsAbF.jpg',1,'Drawing a clear distinction can be tough, though, given that simple geography can make an impact.',1,15),(7,'Factors Affecting CyberSecurity','factors-affecting-cybersecurity','2022-02-23 17:21:39.324191','<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.44;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:8pt;margin-bottom:11pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Theft of Intellectual Property</span></h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:15pt;padding:0pt 0pt 11pt 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#222222;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">By some estimates the global loss to cybercrime is north of $400 billion each year. In the competitive world we now live in, these are serious losses that cannot continue to go on. Criminal organizations and state sponsored groups are notorious for hacking the systems of businesses and looting valuable trade secrets and plans for upcoming products. That information is then used to preemptively launch the product and gain the advantage in sales. International bodies, law enforcement agencies and the court system need to work in conjunction with cybersecurity experts to put an end to this practice.</span></p><h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.44;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:8pt;margin-bottom:11pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Lack of Partnering for Security</span></h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:15pt;padding:0pt 0pt 11pt 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#222222;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">For too long organizations have had to fend for themselves in the defense of their networks while, at the same time, seeking needed connectivity with their global partners. Working through international organizations, businesses need to share information on security and work toward developing a common framework of defense that eliminates hodgepodge defenses that are full of vulnerabilities.</span></p><h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.44;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:8pt;margin-bottom:11pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Internet of Things (IoT)</span></h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:15pt;padding:0pt 0pt 11pt 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#222222;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">A serious challenge to cybersecurity is the explosive growth of the </span><a href=\"https://blog.tesu.edu/the-internet-of-things-are-we-ready\" style=\"text-decoration:none;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#762536;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">IoT</span></a><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#222222;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">. By some estimates there will be 50 billion connected devices (things) globally by the end of the decade. This expansion of unsecured chip-enabled devices broadens the attack surface and greatly increases vulnerabilities to systems worldwide. International standards need to be adopted to limit those vulnerabilities.</span></p><h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.44;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:8pt;margin-bottom:11pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Industrial Control Systems (ICS)</span></h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:15pt;padding:0pt 0pt 11pt 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#222222;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">One of the greater threats to global manufacturers is the potential damage that could be done should state sponsored hackers gain access to the ICS of their operations. Historically these systems have been ‘air-gapped’ to prevent intrusion, but that has been eroded as systems have become more and more integrated and hackers have developed measures around that defense. Global organizations need to upgrade their systems and partner with like businesses to develop more effective cyber defenses.&nbsp;</span></p><h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.44;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:8pt;margin-bottom:11pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Expansion of Third World</span></h2><p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-c5e648df-7fff-d7c5-ffa1-7e75f37afdb8\"></span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;background-color:#ffffff;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:15pt;padding:0pt 0pt 11pt 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;color:#222222;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">The internet is a necessity for the economic development of an emerging nation and global organizations are seeking to get into this growth. Google for example is investing $1 billion in ‘Project Loon’ in an effort to bring the internet to emerging nations. With the growth of the internet in these nations also comes cybersecurity issues that need to be addressed if economic success is to be attained.</span></p>','2022-02-23 17:21:39.324231','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_cZiXneS.jpg',1,'Criminal organizations and state sponsored groups are notorious for hacking the systems of businesses and looting valuable trade secrets and plans for upcoming products',1,15),(8,'CIA Traid','cia-traid','2022-02-23 17:23:22.695571','<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:18pt;margin-bottom:6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Confidentiality&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Confidentiality is roughly equivalent to Confidentiality measures are designed to prevent sensitive information from unauthorized access attempts. It is common for data to be categorized according to the amount and type of damage that could be done if it fell into the wrong hands. More or less stringent measures can then be implemented according to those categories.</span></p><p><b style=\"font-weight:normal;\" id=\"docs-internal-guid-3726a066-7fff-a201-c2c0-5fa0c52d0ca3\"><br></b></p><h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:18pt;margin-bottom:6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Integrity&nbsp;</span></h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Integrity involves maintaining the consistency, accuracy and trustworthiness of data over its entire lifecycle. Data must not be changed in transit, and steps must be taken to ensure data cannot be altered by unauthorized people (for example, in a breach of confidentiality).</span></p><h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:18pt;margin-bottom:6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Availability</span></h2><p></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Availability means information should be consistently and readily accessible for authorized parties. This involves properly maintaining hardware and technical infrastructure and systems that hold and display the information.</span></p><div><span style=\"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><br></span></div>','2022-02-23 17:23:22.695607','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_MMeTvVM.jpg',1,'CIA Triad',1,15),(9,'IT Security  Governance','governance','2023-03-17 05:12:44.712139','<span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px;\">IT security governance is the system by which an organization directs and controls IT security (adapted from ISO 38500). IT security governance should not be confused with IT security management. IT security management is concerned with making decisions to mitigate risks; governance determines who is authorized to make decisions. Governance specifies the accountability framework and provides oversight to ensure that risks are adequately mitigated, while management ensures that controls are implemented to mitigate risks. Management recommends security strategies. Governance ensures that security strategies are aligned with business objectives and consistent with regulations.</span>','2022-02-24 04:48:56.135830','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_J7LdArA.jpg',1,'Governance specifies the accountability framework and provides oversight to ensure that risks are adequately mitigated, while management ensures that controls are implemented to mitigate risks',1,15),(10,'Risk Management','risk-management','2022-02-24 04:52:08.188326','<span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\">Cyber risk management is the process of identifying, analysing, evaluating and addressing your organisation’s cyber security threats.\r\nThe first part of any cyber risk management programme is cyber risk assessment. This will give you a snapshot of the threats that might compromise your organisation’s cyber security and how severe they are.\r\nBased on your organisation’s risk appetite, your cyber risk management programme then determines how to prioritise and respond to those risks.</span>','2022-02-24 04:52:08.188367','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_mC9a3BT.jpg',1,'Cyber risk management is the process of identifying, analysing, evaluating and addressing your organisation’s cyber security threats.',1,15),(11,'Compliance','compliance','2022-02-24 04:54:34.865212','<p><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\">﻿</span><span style=\"font-size: 14px; font-family: Helvetica;\">In general, compliance is defined as following rules and meeting requirements. In cybersecurity, compliance means creating a program that establishes risk-based controls to protect the integrity, confidentiality, and accessibility of information stored, processed, or transferred.</span></p>','2022-02-24 04:54:34.865256','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_7WrZeqQ.jpg',1,'In cybersecurity, compliance means creating a program that establishes risk-based controls to protect the integrity, confidentiality, and accessibility of information stored, processed, or transferred.',1,15),(12,'The Scope of GRC','scope-grc','2022-02-24 05:02:24.563657','<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-1de23ae5-7fff-2064-2179-f9c0a431618c\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px;\">GRC isn’t just the\r\ncomputer software you use to manage it — it’s a set of capabilities that enable\r\nyour organization to achieve its objectives, address uncertainties and operate\r\nwith integrity. Processes and practices that run across all departments and\r\nfunctions of your business to help achieve Principled Performance are all an\r\nintegrated part of GRC.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\">\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">T<span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px;\">oday, the scope of\r\nGRC extends beyond your traditional financial or legal compliance to include\r\ncomponents like performance management, sustainability, quality assurance, and\r\neven practices such as information security management, ethics management and\r\nbusiness continuity planning. To gain a better understanding, imagine how the\r\ncomponents in this diagram are integrated into each department or function of\r\nyour business.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p><p></p><p></p>','2022-02-24 05:02:24.563693','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_wxmVnJU.jpg',1,'the scope of GRC extends beyond your traditional financial or legal compliance to include components like performance management, sustainability, quality assurance, and even practices such as information security management, ethics management and business continuity planning.',1,15),(13,'Who is involved?','who-involved','2022-02-24 05:05:02.882081','<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px;\">While most organizations don’t allocate an entire department\r\nto GRC management, they will typically have a team of staff in place to manage\r\na GRC platform or tool. In any organization, staff from departments such as IT,\r\nlegal, finance, HR and the executive team are all included in GRC. But when GRC\r\nhandled by these various departments becomes siloed or disjointed, efforts\r\nbecome redundant and counter-productive.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><o:p><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px;\">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p><p><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px;\">\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px;\">Instead, organizations should take a standardized, ground-up\r\napproach to GRC. If done right, your organization can benefit from reduced\r\ncosts, a decreased impact on operations, and the gained ability to repeat\r\nprocesses in a non-duplicative, consistent and efficient way.</span><o:p></o:p></p>','2022-02-24 05:05:02.882119','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_14DMnb0.jpg',1,'Instead, organizations should take a standardized, ground-up approach to GRC.',1,15),(14,'Why GRC is important','why-grc-important','2022-02-24 05:06:03.672641','<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Before we can fully understand the benefits of GRC, understanding\r\nwhy companies are embracing the practice is important. In an evolving corporate\r\nlandscape, organizations are learning to respond to the:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p><ul><li>Increasing risks associated with third-party business\r\nrelationships<o:p></o:p></li><li>Dynamic and unpredictable legal landscape<o:p></o:p></li><li>Ongoing advancements in technology<o:p></o:p></li><li>Growing costs that are associated with a reactive approach\r\nto risk<o:p></o:p></li></ul><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\">To maintain a competitive advantage, a business must be\r\nagile and respond in a timely manner to the changing risks, regulations, laws\r\nand situations it is presented with. If effectively integrated into a business,\r\nGRC helps to control those risks by aligning business units, maintaining\r\naccurate information and improving efficiencies across the entire organization.<o:p></o:p></p>','2022-02-24 05:06:03.672680','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_AYZErni.jpg',1,'To maintain a competitive advantage, a business must be agile and respond in a timely manner to the changing risks, regulations, laws and situations it is presented with.',1,15),(15,'Why most organizations use a GRC Software','why-most-organizations-use-grc-software','2022-02-24 05:07:09.288509','<p class=\"MsoNormal\">A lot of great things came out of the 80s, but unfortunately\r\ncompliance spreadsheets aren’t one of them. Ironically, organizations that use\r\nspreadsheets to manage GRC are putting themselves at an even greater risk to\r\nhave governance, risk and compliance issues. A centralized compliance platform\r\nwill:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\">Notify you of a problem before it happens – You’ll know that\r\ninsurance documents or certifications are about to expire, preventing\r\nnon-insured accidents or legal violations.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\">Centralize your compliance data – A single point of entry\r\nfor HR, legal, risk management and every other department that tracks GRC data.<o:p></o:p></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\">Make it easy for you to work anywhere – Companies with\r\nvarious worksites, facilities or plants around the world that each have unique\r\nrequirements can be sustainably managed from one system.<o:p></o:p></p>','2022-02-24 05:07:09.288551','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_gjvxvaF.jpg',1,'great things came out of the 80s, but unfortunately compliance spreadsheets aren’t one of them. Ironically, organizations that use spreadsheets to manage GRC are putting themselves at an even greater risk to have governance, risk and compliance issues.',1,15),(16,'Roles of the Cyber Security Professional','roles-cyber-security-professional','2022-02-24 08:55:46.617583','<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:19.5pt;line-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">At a mile-high level, cybersecurity professionals\r\nare responsible for protecting IT infrastructure, edge devices, networks, and\r\ndata. More granularly, they are responsible for preventing data breaches and\r\nmonitoring and reacting to attacks. Many have backgrounds as programmers, and\r\nsystems or network administrators, and in math and statistics. Those skills are\r\nundoubtedly relevant to the role of an IT security professional, but equally as\r\ncritical are the things that aren’t necessarily things that can be taught –\r\ncritical thinking, curiosity, and a passion for learning and research. People\r\nfrom all kinds of backgrounds possess those qualities, so companies shouldn’t\r\nlimit themselves to a narrow pool of candidates. Further, hackers are creative\r\nby nature. To outsmart them, security pros need to be, as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>','2022-02-24 08:55:46.617621','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_EkBg05c.jpg',1,'More granularly, they are responsible for preventing data breaches and monitoring and reacting to attacks. Many have backgrounds as programmers, and systems or network administrators, and in math and statistics.',1,15),(17,'Responsibilities of the Cyber Security Professional','responsibilities-cyber-security-professional','2022-02-24 08:57:37.838924','<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:19.5pt;line-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">New security threats pop up all the time, and IT\r\nsecurity professionals need to stay up to date with the latest tactics hackers\r\nare employing in the field. In addition to the high-level responsibilities\r\nmentioned above, some specific duties IT security teams do, include:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nmargin-left:15.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\ntab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">·<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Set and\r\nimplement user access controls and identity and access management systems<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nmargin-left:15.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\ntab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">·<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Monitor\r\nnetwork and application performance to identify and irregular activity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nmargin-left:15.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\ntab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">·<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Perform\r\nregular audits to ensure security practices are compliant<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nmargin-left:15.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\ntab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">·<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Deploy\r\nendpoint detection and prevention tools to thwart malicious hacks<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nmargin-left:15.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\ntab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">·<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Set up\r\npatch management systems to update applications automatically<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nmargin-left:15.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\ntab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">·<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Implement\r\ncomprehensive vulnerability management systems across all assets on-premises\r\nand in the cloud<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nmargin-left:15.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\ntab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">·<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Work with\r\nIT operations to set up a shared disaster recovery/business continuity plan<o:p></o:p></span></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nmargin-left:15.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\ntab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">·<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Work with\r\nHR and/or team leads to educate employees on how to identify suspicious\r\nactivity<o:p></o:p></span></p>','2022-02-24 08:57:37.838958','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_IwpWNEy.jpg',1,'New security threats pop up all the time, and IT security professionals need to stay up to date with the latest tactics hackers are employing in the field. In addition to the high-level responsibilities',1,15),(18,'Three Critical Skills for Cyber Security Professionals','three-critical-skills-cyber-security-professionals','2022-02-24 08:59:12.993370','<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:19.5pt;line-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Successful IT security professionals need more than\r\ntechnical skills. To truly advance in the field, these experts should be:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nmargin-left:15.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\ntab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">·<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Strategists&nbsp;-\r\nCyber Security professionals should be able to proactively implement security\r\nmeasures and controls within organizations, weighing the consequences of any action.\r\nAdvanced security protocols require tactical and strategic evaluations of\r\nworkflows, dependencies, budgets, and resources. Because new methods to hack\r\ninformation are continually developing, professionals must be a step ahead,\r\nstudying how hackers enter networks and procedures for thwarting them.<br>\r\n<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br>\r\n<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nmargin-left:15.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\ntab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">·<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Communicators&nbsp;-\r\nManagement and communication skills ensure effective coordination with teams\r\nand clients. Technology and security touch every professional in an\r\norganization. Security professionals must interact in meaningful ways by\r\ntraining and empowering employees to help protect systems.<br>\r\n<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br>\r\n<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nmargin-left:15.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;\r\ntab-stops:list 36.0pt\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">·<span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Lifelong\r\nLearners&nbsp;- Another must-have skill is technical competence. With the pace\r\nof development in IT security, this means ongoing research, training, and\r\nearning standard certifications. These professionals should constantly be\r\nlearning new advanced technology skills to be able to resolve complex security\r\nissues.<o:p></o:p></span></p>','2022-02-24 08:59:12.993404','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_lC5u1pZ.jpg',1,'Successful IT security professionals need more than technical skills',1,15),(19,'Cyber threat','cyber-threat','2022-02-24 14:58:10.497442','<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">A cyber\r\nthreat is an activity intended to compromise the security of an information\r\nsystem by altering the availability, integrity, or confidentiality of a system\r\nor the information it contains.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">The cyber\r\nthreat environment is the online space where cyber threat actors conduct\r\nmalicious cyber threat activity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>','2022-02-24 14:58:10.497484','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_N8wUVdf.jpg',1,'A cyber threat is an activity intended to compromise the security of an information system by altering the availability, integrity, or confidentiality of a system or the information it contains.',1,15),(20,'Cyber threat actors','cyber-threat-actors','2022-02-24 14:59:03.796632','<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Cyber\r\nthreat actors are states, groups, or individuals who, with malicious intent,\r\naim to take advantage of vulnerabilities, low cyber security awareness, or\r\ntechnological developments to gain unauthorized access to information systems\r\nin order to access or otherwise affect victims’ data, devices, systems, and\r\nnetworks. The globalized nature of the Internet allows these threat actors to\r\nbe physically located anywhere in the world<o:p></o:p></span></p>','2022-02-24 14:59:03.796671','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_Ey6Z1XG.jpg',1,'The globalized nature of the Internet allows these threat actors to be physically located anywhere in the world',1,15),(21,'Types of threat actors and their motivations','types-threat-actors-and-their-motivations','2022-02-24 15:00:46.219993','<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">It isn’t\r\nalways easy to isolate a threat actor and figure out their individual\r\nmotivations. Multiple threat actors can join a single group and unite behind a\r\ncause, only to splinter when their interests diverge. Further complicating this\r\npicture is the fact that a threat actor or group can have multiple motivations.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">For\r\nexample, a ransomware collective can be financially motivated and extort\r\nransoms from organizations, but only target entities in certain countries&nbsp; based on political or social motivations.\r\nWhile most threat actors are motivated by money, they may also exhibit other\r\nmotivations, such as causing chaos.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><h3><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:\r\nEN-IN\">Financially-motivated threat actors<o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Profit is\r\none of the most frequent motivations of cybercriminals at any level of\r\nsophistication. Financially-motivated threat actors are opportunistic and\r\ntarget low-hanging fruit; these threat actors are not concerned with the\r\ndiscoverability of their attacks because they’re only interested in stealing\r\nassets that they can convert into money as quickly as possible. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Cybercriminals<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">“Cybercriminal”\r\nis a blanket term used to describe an individual who conducts illegal\r\nactivities online.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Cybercriminals\r\nare also often referred to as “threat actors” or “cyber threat actors.” As\r\nevery country has different laws governing online activity, the label\r\n“cybercriminal” is subjective. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Organized\r\ncrime: Ransomware<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Ransomware\r\nis a type of cyber attack that renders a victim’s files inaccessible by\r\nencrypting them and demanding a monetary ransom for the decryption key. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Recently,\r\nthe term “ransomware actors” has also come to be associated with groups\r\nparticipating in data extortion, or the practice of exfiltrating and\r\nthreatening to publish or sell sensitive corporate or personal documents in\r\naddition to, or instead of, encrypting them. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Ransomware\r\nactors can operate individually or in specialized groups under the\r\nRansomware-as-a-Service (RaaS) model, where multiple threat actors specialize\r\nin various aspects of an attack (initial access, encryption, negotiation, etc.)\r\neach carry out a separate part of the attack and split the ransom amongst\r\nthemselves.&nbsp; <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Since the\r\nMay 2021 ban of ransomware activity on forums, operators began advertising on\r\nthe closed-membership forum RAMP. Analysts have also observed advertisements on\r\nencrypted messengers like Jabber.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Insider\r\nthreats<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Insider\r\nthreats, or insider cyber threats, can be done intentionally—or not—and make up\r\nabout 30% of all data breaches.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Intentional\r\ninsider threats involve actions taken to harm an organization for personal\r\nbenefit or to act on a personal grievance. The intentional insider is often\r\nsynonymously referenced as a “malicious insider.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">However,\r\nnot all insider threats are intentional. A threat actor that is incompetent or\r\nnegligent puts an organization at risk through carelessness. Negligent insiders\r\nare generally familiar with security policies and IT best practices but choose\r\nto ignore them, thereby creating risk for the organization. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Out of\r\nconvenience or incompetence, these unintentional insider threats actively try\r\nto bypass security controls. Against security policies, they leave vulnerable\r\ndata and resources unsecured, giving attackers easy access. Organizations can\r\ntake proactive steps to mitigate employee mistakes and follow best practices to\r\nprotect themselves from insider threats.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Carders<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">A carder\r\nis an individual who is involved in credit card theft and subsequent fraudulent\r\nactivities associated with the stolen credit cards. Generally, carding doesn’t\r\nrequire as much technical knowledge as other cybercrime activities, and it is\r\noften seen as the stepping stone for many cybercriminals.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Scammers<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Scammers\r\nare typically involved with various types of fraud. This may include tactics to\r\nsteal personally identifiable information, or payment card details. Other scams\r\nmay include perpetrating synthetic identity fraud to borrow lines of credit, or\r\nmore recently observed COVID-19 scams, like CARES Act Paycheck Protection\r\nProgram (PPP) or Small Business Association (SBA) loan fraud. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><h3><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:\r\nEN-IN\">Ideologically motivated threat actors<o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">FUD:\r\nFear, uncertainty, and doubt<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">FUD-motivated\r\nthreat actors, motivated by certain political ideologies, disseminate false or\r\nmisleading information in a targeted manner. They also seek to influence public\r\nperception of their capabilities or goals, thereby confusing law enforcement or\r\nother adversaries. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Examples\r\ninclude a ransomware collective sharing a message to call rivals to arms\r\nagainst the United States, in order to achieve media exposure, or a threat\r\nactor sharing publicly available voter information on an illicit forum in order\r\nto create the semblance of election meddling.&nbsp;\r\n<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Government/state-sponsored\r\nand APT groups<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Advanced\r\nPersistent Threat (APT) groups are threat actors or collectives that are\r\ntypically supported by a nation state either directly (e.g. units of an\r\nintelligence agency) or indirectly (e.g. a syndicate supported by the state\r\nthrough shell companies or similar entities)—and who are thus capable of using\r\nadvanced capabilities in a sustained manner to attack large entities to achieve\r\nspecific goals. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">APTs are\r\nusually politically or economically motivated, often use spear phishing or\r\nsocial engineering as initial attack vectors, and apart from doing harm to a\r\ntarget by disrupting operations or stealing funds, will often also have\r\nespionage capabilities. Their targets include state institutions, critical\r\ninfrastructure and large companies possessing key assets. APTs are typically\r\nreferred to with a number and various researchers and vendors may attach other\r\naliases to them. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Recent\r\nexamples include the SolarWinds cyberattack (also a supply chain attack) and\r\nransomware-driven cryptocurrency schemes being run out of North Korea.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Hacktivists,\r\nHacktivism<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Hacktivists\r\nare individuals, or groups such as the decentralized group Anonymous, that act\r\nas socially or politically active threat actors. They pose a medium-level\r\nthreat of carrying out an isolated but damaging attack. Most hacktivist groups\r\nattempt to draw public attention to what they believe is an important issue or\r\ncause using propaganda, rather than by causing damage to critical\r\ninfrastructures. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Their\r\ngoal is to support their own political or social agenda. Their sub-goals are\r\npropaganda and causing reputational damage—such as the recent BlueLeaks hack or\r\nEpik leak—to achieve notoriety for their cause to inspire social or political\r\nchange. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Insider\r\nthreats<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Insider\r\nthreats that are intentional involve actions taken to harm an organization for\r\npersonal benefit or to act on a personal grievance. The intentional insider is\r\noften synonymously referenced as a “malicious insider” or “malicious actor.”\r\nTheir motivation is personal gain or harming an organization.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">However,\r\nnot all insider threats are intentional. A threat actor that is incompetent,\r\nnegligent, or inadvertent puts an organization at risk through carelessness.\r\nNegligent insiders are generally familiar with security policies and IT best\r\npractices, but choose to ignore them, creating risk for the organization. Out\r\nof convenience or incompetence, these unintentional insider threats actively\r\ntry to bypass security controls. Against security policies, they leave\r\nvulnerable data and resources unsecured, giving attackers easy access<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Therefore,\r\norganizations should take proactive action to mitigate employee mistakes and\r\nfollow best practices to protect themselves from insider threats.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Script\r\nkiddies (skiddies)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">“Script\r\nkiddies,” also known as “skiddies,” are threat actors with little\r\nexperience—newcomers to illicit online communities—who generally engage in\r\nareas of cybercrime with a low barrier to entry.&nbsp; The term is used pejoratively to describe\r\nactors who, for example, may not understand how a programming language works\r\nbut are able to download and use scripts written by others.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">For\r\nexample, there are many publicly available tools which can be used for\r\ncredential stuffing that do not require any real knowledge of penetration\r\ntesting or programming; therefore, script kiddies have a propensity to engage\r\nin this activity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><h3><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:\r\nEN-IN\">Cyber threat actor tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs)<o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">DDoS<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">A\r\ndistributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt\r\nthe normal traffic of a targeted server, service, or network by flooding it\r\nwith internet traffic. DDoS attacks are most effective when utilizing multiple\r\ncompromised computer systems as sources of attack traffic. DDoS attacks are\r\noften pivoted to enable threat actors to steal data from the victim. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Malware<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Malware\r\nrefers to software that is purposefully designed in order to cause damage to a\r\ncomputer or other network resource. There are a variety of malware attack\r\ntypes—including trojans, worms, stealers, rootkits, cryptojacking, keyloggers,\r\nand ransomware—all of which allow actors to gain access to specific network\r\nresources and steal data. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Ransomware<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Ransomware\r\nis a type of malware wherein threat actors employ encryption in order to lock\r\nup a victim’s data and then hold it ransom. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Extortionist\r\nransomware refers to the practice of publishing, or threatening to publish,\r\nstolen data from an infected server in order to pressure the victim to pay the\r\nransom. This type of ransomware means that backing up data no longer mitigates\r\nthe threat of ransomware attacks.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Cloud<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Cloud\r\nresources common vulnerabilities and misconfigurations are often exploited by\r\nthreat actors before or soon after they have been disclosed. From there, threat\r\nactors can pivot their access to exfiltrate data to later resell in illicit\r\nmarketplaces, or attempt to move laterally through the cloud environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Third-party<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Threat\r\nactors will target third party software or technology solutions providers in\r\norder to infect a larger number of downstream customers. Managed service\r\nproviders, cloud service providers, and other IT services providers are\r\nintegrated into corporate environments and possibly interact with\r\norganizational data. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Social\r\nengineering<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Social\r\nengineering methods are often leveraged by threat actors to serve as initial\r\nentry points to a certain network or resource. This type of attack takes\r\nadvantage of the human element within any cyber environment. Phishing is a\r\npopular form of social engineering that involves sending correspondence\r\n(phishing email, e.g.) from a seemingly reputable source in order to manipulate\r\na human element and gain access to a cyber environment. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Brute\r\nforcing and Credential Stuffing<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Brute\r\nforcing is the act of programatically guessing all possible combinations of a\r\npotential piece of data, such as a password.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Credential\r\nstuffing is the act of using a previously obtained list of passwords to try to\r\ngain access to a victim’s account. These two attacks are closely related, and\r\nthreat actors commonly use the term “brute forcing” or “brute” to refer to them\r\nboth. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">For\r\nexample, a threat actor who wants to gain access to streaming accounts might\r\nbuy a list of usernames and password hashes obtained from a compromised dating\r\nsite. They will then attempt to “crack” those password hashes by brute forcing\r\nthem—i.e. guessing and hashing all possible combinations of letters in order to\r\ndetermine what plaintext passwords those hashes represent. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Finally,\r\nas an example of credential stuffing, the threat actor will take that list of\r\nusernames—and, now, plaintext passwords from the dating site—and try all\r\nusername:password pairs on the streaming site in the hope that some users\r\nsigned up for both services using same username/password combination.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;</span></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">There are\r\nmany variations on this kind of attack. For example, “reverse brute forcing”\r\ntries one common password with a list of many usernames, and some attacks use\r\n“brute forcing tools” in order to test username:password combinations on\r\nmultiple sites at the same time. However, ultimately, these attacks all have\r\nunauthorized access to victim accounts as their goal.<o:p></o:p></span></p>','2022-02-24 15:00:46.220025','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_Ek4pgsu.jpg',1,'It isn’t always easy to isolate a threat actor and figure out their individual motivations. Multiple threat actors can join a single group and unite behind a cause, only to splinter when their interests diverge. Further complicating this picture is the fact that a threat actor or group can have multiple motivations.',1,15),(22,'Cyber Attacks','cyber-attacks','2022-02-24 15:01:29.520572','<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">A cyber\r\nattack is when an individual or an organization deliberately and maliciously\r\nattempts to breach the information system of another individual or\r\norganization. While there is usually an economic goal, some recent attacks show\r\ndestruction of data as a goal.<o:p></o:p></span></p>','2022-02-24 15:01:29.520613','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_xvqn6Pb.jpg',0,'A cyber attack is when an individual or an organization deliberately and maliciously attempts to breach the information system of another individual or organization. While there is usually an economic goal, some recent attacks show destruction of data as a goal.',1,15),(23,'Top 10 Common Types of Cybersecurity Attacks','top-10-common-types-cybersecurity-attacks','2022-10-06 19:18:33.491128','<h3><b style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: windowtext;\">1.</span><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 42, 58); letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: windowtext;\">Malware</span><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; color: rgb(0, 42, 58); letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">The term\r\n“malware” encompasses various types of attacks including spyware, viruses, and\r\nworms. Malware uses a vulnerability to breach a network when a user clicks a\r\n“planted” dangerous link or email attachment, which is used to install\r\nmalicious software inside the system.</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\"><br></span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Malware\r\nand malicious files inside a computer system can:</span></span></p><ul><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10.5pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Deny\r\naccess to the critical components of the network</span><o:p></o:p></span></li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10.5pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Obtain\r\ninformation by retrieving data from the hard drive<o:p></o:p></span></li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10.5pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Disrupt\r\nthe system or even render it inoperable<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Malware\r\nis so common that there is a large variety of modus operandi. The most common\r\ntypes are:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Viruses</span></b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">—these infect applications attaching themselves to\r\nthe initialization sequence. The virus replicates itself, infecting other codes in the computer system. Viruses can also attach themselves to executable code\r\nor associate themselves with a file by creating a virus file with the same name\r\nbut with a .exe extension, thus creating a decoy that carries the virus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Trojans</span></b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">—a program hiding inside a useful program with\r\nmalicious purposes. Unlike viruses, a trojan doesn’t replicate itself and it is\r\ncommonly used to establish a backdoor to be exploited by attackers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Worms</span></b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">—unlike viruses, they don’t attack the host, being\r\nself-contained programs that propagate across networks and computers. Worms are\r\noften installed through email attachments, sending a copy of themselves to\r\nevery contact in the infected computer email list. They have commonly used to\r\noverload an email server and achieve a denial-of-service attack.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Ransomware</span></b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">—a type of malware that denies access to the victim\'s data, threatening to publish or delete it unless a ransom is paid.&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><a href=\"https://www.datto.com/ransomware/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: windowtext;\">Advanced ransomware</span></a></span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;uses cryptoviral extortion, encrypting the\r\nvictim’s data so that it is impossible to decrypt without the decryption key.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Spyware</span></b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">—a type of program installed to collect information\r\nabout users, their systems, or browsing habits, sending the data to a remote user.\r\nThe attacker can then use the information for blackmailing purposes or download\r\nand install other malicious programs from the web.</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><h3><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; color: windowtext; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><b>2. Phishing</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Phishing\r\nattacks are extremely common and involve sending mass amounts of fraudulent\r\nemails to unsuspecting users, disguised as coming from a reliable source. The\r\nfraudulent emails often have the appearance of being legitimate, but link the\r\nrecipient to a malicious file or script designed to grant attackers access to\r\nyour device to control it or gather recon, install malicious scripts/files, or extract data such as user information, financial info, and more.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Phishing\r\nattacks can also take place via social networks and other online communities,\r\nvia direct messages from other users with hidden intent. Phishers often\r\nleverage social engineering and other public information sources to collect\r\ninfo about your work, interests, and activities—giving attackers an edge in\r\nconvincing you they’re not who they say.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">There are\r\nseveral different types of phishing attacks, including:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Spear\r\nPhishing</span></b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">—targeted attacks directed at\r\nspecific companies and/or individuals.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Whaling</span></b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">—attacks targeting senior executives and\r\nstakeholders within an organization.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Pharming</span></b><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">—leverages DNS cache poisoning to capture user\r\ncredentials through a fake login landing page.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">Phishing\r\nattacks can also take place via phone calls (voice phishing) and text\r\nmessages (SMS phishing).&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><a href=\"https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/how-recognize-and-avoid-phishing-scams\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: windowtext;\">This post</span></a></span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">&nbsp;highlights\r\nadditional details about phishing attacks—how to spot them and how to prevent\r\nthem.</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><h3><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; color: windowtext; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><b>3. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Occurs\r\nwhen an attacker intercepts a two-party transaction, inserting themselves in\r\nthe middle. From there, cyber attackers can steal and manipulate data by\r\ninterrupting traffic.</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><img src=\"/media/django-summernote/2022-10-06/b5a091f7-2008-4666-adb2-c6fc146ec0b3.webp\" style=\"width: 503px;\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\"><br></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">This type\r\nof attack usually exploits security vulnerabilities in a network, such as an\r\nunsecured public WiFi, to insert itself between a visitor’s device and the\r\nnetwork. The problem with this kind of attack is that it is very difficult to\r\ndetect, as the victim thinks the information is going to a legitimate\r\ndestination. Phishing or malware attacks are often leveraged to carry out a\r\nMitM attack.</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\"><br></span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;color:#4E6973\"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h3 style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:\r\n0cm;line-height:14.4pt\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; color: rgb(0, 42, 58); letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\">4. Denial-of-Service (DOS) Attack</span></b><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;color:#002A3A;\r\nletter-spacing:-.1pt\"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">DoS\r\nattacks work by flooding systems, servers, and/or networks with traffic to\r\noverload resources and bandwidth. The result is rendering the system unable to\r\nprocess and fulfill legitimate requests. In addition to denial-of-service (DoS)\r\nattacks, there are also distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">DoS\r\nattacks saturate a system’s resources to impede response to\r\nservice requests. On the other hand, a DDoS attack is launched from several\r\ninfected host machines with the goal of achieving service denial and taking a system\r\noffline, thus paving the way for another attack to enter the\r\nnetwork/environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">The most\r\ncommon types of DoS and DDoS attacks are the TCP SYN flood attack, teardrop\r\nattack, Smurf attack, ping-of-death attack, and botnets.</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><h3 style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:\r\n0cm;line-height:14.4pt\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; color: rgb(0, 42, 58); letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\">5. SQL Injections</span></b><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;color:#002A3A;\r\nletter-spacing:-.1pt\"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">This occurs\r\nwhen an attacker inserts malicious code into a server using a server query\r\nlanguage (SQL) forcing the server to deliver protected information. This type\r\nof attack usually involves submitting malicious code into an unprotected\r\nwebsite comment or search box. Secure coding practices such as using prepared\r\nstatements with parameterized queries are an effective way to prevent SQL\r\ninjections.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">When a\r\nSQL command uses a parameter instead of inserting the values directly, it can\r\nallow the backend to run malicious queries. Moreover, the SQL interpreter uses\r\nthe parameter only as data, without executing it as a code. Learn more about\r\nhow secure coding practices can prevent SQL injection&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><a href=\"https://www.datto.com/blog/developing-an-effective-regime-to-backup-your-sql-server\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: windowtext;\">here</span></a></span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\">.</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><h3 style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:\r\n0cm;line-height:14.4pt\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; color: rgb(0, 42, 58); letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\">6. Zero-day Exploit</span></b><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;color:#002A3A;\r\nletter-spacing:-.1pt\"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">A&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.datto.com/blog/dattos-response-to-log4shell\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Zero-day Exploit</span></a>&nbsp;refers\r\nto exploiting a network vulnerability when it is new and recently announced —\r\nbefore a patch is released and/or implemented. Zero-day attackers jump at the\r\ndisclosed vulnerability in the small window of time where no\r\nsolution/preventative measures exist. Thus, preventing zero-day attacks\r\nrequires constant monitoring, proactive detection, and agile threat management\r\npractices.</span></p><p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><h3 style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:\r\n0cm;line-height:14.4pt\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; color: rgb(0, 42, 58); letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\">7. Password Attack</span></b><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;color:#002A3A;\r\nletter-spacing:-.1pt\"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Passwords\r\nare the most widespread method of authenticating access to a secure information\r\nsystem, making them an attractive target for cyber attackers. By accessing a\r\nperson’s password, an attacker can gain entry to confidential or critical data\r\nand systems, including the ability to manipulate and control said data/systems.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Password\r\nattackers use a myriad of methods to identify an individual password, including\r\nusing social engineering, gaining access to a password database, testing the\r\nnetwork connection to obtain unencrypted passwords, or simply guessing.</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><img src=\"/media/django-summernote/2022-10-06/98ed271e-9a91-4894-b663-ac0fa1cdb819.webp\" style=\"width: 566px;\"><br></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">The last\r\nmethod mentioned is executed in a systematic manner known as a “brute-force\r\nattack.” A brute-force attack employs a program to try all the possible\r\nvariants and combinations of information to guess the password.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Another\r\ncommon method is the dictionary attack when the attacker uses a list of common\r\npasswords to attempt to gain access to a user’s computer and network. Account\r\nlockout best practices and two-factor authentication are very useful in preventing a password attack. Account lockout features can freeze the account after several invalid password attempts and two-factor authentication\r\nadds a layer of security, requiring the user logging in to enter a\r\nsecondary code only available on their 2FA device(s).</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN\"><br></span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;color:#4E6973\"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h3 style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:\r\n0cm;line-height:14.4pt\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; color: rgb(0, 42, 58); letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\">8. Cross-site Scripting</span></b><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;color:#002A3A;\r\nletter-spacing:-.1pt\"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:10.5pt;\r\nline-height:normal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">A\r\ncross-site scripting attack sends malicious scripts into content from reliable\r\nwebsites. The malicious code joins the dynamic content that is sent to the\r\nvictim’s browser. Usually, this malicious code consists of JavaScript code\r\nexecuted by the victim’s browser but can include Flash, HTML, and XSS.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;mso-fareast-language:\r\nEN-IN;mso-no-proof:yes\"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id=\"Picture_x0020_26\"\r\n o:spid=\"_x0000_i1025\" type=\"#_x0000_t75\" alt=\"Cybersecurity 101: Intro to the Top 10 Common Types of Cybersecurity Attacks\"\r\n style=\'width:547.5pt;height:252pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square\'>\r\n <v:imagedata src=\"file:///C:/Users/Jarvis/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg\"\r\n  o:title=\" Intro to the Top 10 Common Types of Cybersecurity Attacks\"></v:imagedata>\r\n</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:22.5pt;margin-left:\r\n0cm;line-height:21.6pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">Additional information\r\nabout cross-site scripting attacks can be found&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://www.datto.com/blog/strong-supply-chain-security-starts-with-secure-software\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">here</span></a><span style=\"color:#4E6973\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h3 style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:\r\n0cm;line-height:14.4pt\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; color: rgb(0, 42, 58); letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\">9. Rootkits</span></b><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;color:#002A3A;\r\nletter-spacing:-.1pt\"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Rootkits are installed inside legitimate\r\nsoftware, where they can gain remote control and administration-level access\r\nover a system. The attacker then uses the rootkit to steal passwords, keys, and credentials, and retrieve critical data.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Since rootkits hide in legitimate\r\nsoftware, once you allow the program to make changes in your OS, the rootkit\r\ninstalls itself in the system (host, computer, server, etc.) and remains\r\ndormant until the attacker activates it or it’s triggered through a persistence\r\nmechanism. Rootkits are commonly spread through email attachments and downloads\r\nfrom insecure websites.</span></p><p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><h3 style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:\r\n0cm;line-height:14.4pt\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; color: rgb(0, 42, 58); letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\">10. Internet of Things (IoT) Attacks</span></b><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;color:#002A3A;\r\nletter-spacing:-.1pt\"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3><p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">While internet connectivity across almost\r\nevery imaginable device creates convenience and ease for individuals, it also\r\npresents a growing—almost unlimited—number of access points for attackers to\r\nexploit and wreak havoc. The interconnectedness of things makes it possible for\r\nattackers to breach an entry point and use it as a gate to exploit other\r\ndevices in the network.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style=\"margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:22.5pt;margin-left:\r\n0cm;line-height:21.6pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">IoT attacks are becoming\r\nmore popular due to the rapid growth of IoT devices and (in general) low\r\npriority given to embedded security in these devices and their operating\r\nsystems. In one IoT attack case, a Vegas casino was attacked and the hacker\r\ngained entry via an internet-connected thermometer inside one of the casino’s\r\nfish tanks.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n</p><p style=\"margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:22.5pt;margin-left:\r\n0cm;line-height:21.6pt\"><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">Best practices to help\r\nprevent an IoT attack include updating the OS and keeping a strong password for\r\nevery IoT device on your network, and changing passwords often.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>','2022-02-24 15:03:15.104167','uploads/blog/cybersecurity-vs-information-security-illustration_KYjRsHj.jpg',1,'None',1,15),(24,'Network Connecting Devices','network-connecting-devices','2022-10-06 21:02:07.510444','<p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 18px;\"><b>1. Repeater:</b></span></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14px;\">Devices that amplify signals to ensure data transmission are called repeaters. A repeater receives a signal and before it gets attenuated or corrupted, it regenerates the original signal. We can use a repeater to extend the physical length of the LAN. A repeater only connects devices in the same LAN. Repeaters operate at the physical level of the OSI model and they deal with the actual physical signals.</span></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><span style=\"font-size: 18px; font-family: Tahoma;\"><b>2. Hub:</b></span></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The general meaning of hub is any connecting device. It is specifically a multiport repeater. Hub is normally used for connecting stations in a star topology. It acts as a central location for all the nodes/stations. A hub organizes the cables and relays signals to other media segments. There are three main types of hubs:</span></font></p><ol><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Passive hub</span></font></li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Active hub</span></font></li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Intelligent hub</span></font></li></ol><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><b>3. Bridges:</b></span></font></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The bridge is the device that creates a single aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments. This function is known as network bridging. A bridge can operate in the physical layer as well as in the data link layer of the OSI model. It can join two separate computer networks. It can regenerate the signal that it receives and it can check the physical (MAC) address of the source and destination. The major difference between the repeater and the bridge is that the bridge has a filtering capacity. There are four types of bridges:</span></font></p><ol><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Simple bridges</span></font></li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Multipoint bridges</span></font></li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Transparent bridges</span></font></li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Source routing bridges</span></font></li></ol><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img src=\"/media/django-summernote/2022-10-06/9f9571e6-2e5c-4fab-b334-88783551cf46.webp\" style=\"width: 493.5px; height: 219.903px;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><br></span></font></p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><b>4. Router:</b></span></font></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The router is a networking device that forwards data packets. It performs the traffic directing function on the internet. The two important functions performed by the routers are the determination of path and packet forwarding. Routers work at the network layer of the OSI model. Types of routers are:</span></font></p><ol><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Wired routers</span></font></li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Wireless routers</span></font></li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Core and Edge routers.</span></font></li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Virtual routers</span></font></li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Broadband routers</span></font></li></ol><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><b>5. Gateways:</b></span></font></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">A gateway is a connecting device that connects two dissimilar networks. Gateways can connect systems with different communication protocols, languages, and architecture. The gateway can operate through all seven layers of the OSI model and all five layers of the internet model.</span></font></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><b>6. Switches:</b></span></font></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">A switch is a device that provides bridging functionality with greater efficiency. A switch acts as a multiport bridge to connect devices on LAN. It connects devices using packet switching to receive, process, and forward data to the destination. Switches generally operate in the data link layer but some switches do operate at the network layer also. Types of switches are:</span></font></p><ol><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Store - and - forward switch</span></font></li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"Tahoma\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Cut-through switch</span></font><br></li></ol>','2022-09-17 19:23:42.353789','uploads/blog/Screenshot_16.png',1,'There are different network devices used for connecting nodes in the networking such as hub, bridge, routers, repeaters, gateways, switches.',5,217),(25,'Why shoud we do research','why-shoud-we-do-research','2022-12-10 06:51:12.460895','<p style=\"text-align: justify; \">There are many reasons why we should conduct research. Some of the most important reasons include:</p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><br></p><ol><li style=\"text-align: justify;\">To advance our knowledge and understanding of the world around us: Research allows us to explore new ideas and phenomena, and to gain a deeper understanding of the world we live in. This can be beneficial in many different fields, including science, technology, medicine, and the humanities.</li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\">To solve practical problems and find solutions to real-world challenges: Research can be used to identify and address pressing issues and challenges that we face in society. By conducting research, we can develop new technologies, treatments, and strategies to tackle these challenges and improve our lives.</li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\">To drive innovation and progress: Research is an essential component of innovation and progress. By exploring new ideas and concepts, we can develop new technologies and processes that can improve our lives and create a better future.</li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\">To confirm or refute existing knowledge: Research allows us to test existing theories and ideas, and to determine whether they are supported by the evidence. This helps to ensure that our understanding of the world is based on accurate and reliable information.</li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\">To expand the boundaries of human knowledge: Research allows us to explore new frontiers and to push the limits of what we know. By conducting research, we can discover new phenomena and unlock new mysteries, opening up new possibilities for the future.</li></ol><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><br></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \">Overall, research is an essential part of our society, and it plays a crucial role in advancing our knowledge and understanding of the world around us.</p>','2022-12-10 06:51:12.460969','uploads/blog/pexels-andrea-piacquadio-941555.jpg',1,'There are many reasons why we should do research. Some of the most important reasons include advancing our knowledge and understanding of the world around us, solving practical problems and finding solutions to real-world challenges, driving innovation and progress, confirming or refuting existing knowledge, and expanding the boundaries of human knowledge. Research is an essential part of our society and plays a crucial role in advancing our knowledge and understanding of the world.',1,198),(26,'Convention on Biological Diversity','convention-biological-diversity','2022-12-26 06:25:18.154451','<p style=\"text-align: justify; \">The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a global treaty that aims to conserve and sustainably use the world\'s biodiversity. It was adopted in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) and entered into force in 1993. The CBD has three main objectives: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.</p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \">The CBD has been successful in raising awareness about the importance of biodiversity and in promoting the implementation of conservation and sustainable use measures at the national and international levels. However, despite these efforts, the loss of biodiversity has continued at an alarming rate, with many species facing extinction.</p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \">In 2010, the CBD adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, which established a set of 20 global biodiversity targets known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. These targets aimed to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss and improve the status of biodiversity by 2020. Unfortunately, many of these targets have not been met and the loss of biodiversity has continued.</p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \">In 2020, the CBD held its 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) in Kunming, China. At this meeting, the Parties to the CBD adopted a new framework for the post-2020 period, known as the Kunming Initiative. This initiative aims to build on the progress made under the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and address the challenges that remain in conserving and sustainably using biodiversity.</p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \">The Kunming Initiative has three main components: the Kunming Action Plan, the Kunming Vision, and the Kunming Roadmap. The Kunming Action Plan outlines the specific actions that the Parties to the CBD will take to implement the Kunming Initiative. The Kunming Vision sets out the long-term vision for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, and the Kunming Roadmap provides a detailed plan for how this vision will be achieved.</p><p style=\"text-align: justify; \">Some of the key elements of the Kunming Initiative include:</p><ol><li style=\"text-align: justify; \">A strengthened commitment to conservation and sustainable use: The Kunming Initiative reaffirms the Parties\' commitment to conserving and sustainably using biodiversity, and calls for increased efforts to protect and restore ecosystems, especially in areas that are particularly important for biodiversity.</li><li style=\"text-align: justify; \">A focus on transformative change: The Kunming Initiative recognizes that the current rate of biodiversity loss cannot be reversed through incremental changes and that transformative change is needed to address the root causes of biodiversity loss. It calls for the development of new policies, approaches, and technologies that can drive this change.</li><li style=\"text-align: justify; \">Increased financial resources: The Kunming Initiative acknowledges that the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity requires significant financial resources. It calls for the development of new and innovative financing mechanisms, as well as the increased use of existing financial instruments, to support the implementation of the Kunming Initiative.</li><li style=\"text-align: justify; \">Enhanced participation of all stakeholders: The Kunming Initiative recognizes the importance of engaging a wide range of stakeholders, including governments, civil society, the private sector, and indigenous and local communities, in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. It calls for the development of new mechanisms to promote the participation of these stakeholders.</li></ol><p style=\"text-align: justify; \">The Kunming Initiative represents an important step forward in the global efforts to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity. It sets out a clear vision for the post-2020 period and provides a roadmap for how this vision can be achieved. It is now up to the Parties to the CBD to work together to implement the Kunming Initiative and halt the loss of biodiversity once and for all.</p>','2022-12-26 06:19:28.787063','uploads/blog/pexels-andrew-nevins-9996114.jpg',1,'The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a global treaty that aims to conserve and sustainably use the world\'s biodiversity. It was adopted in 1992 and has three main objectives: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. In 2010, the CBD adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, which established a set of 20 global biodiversity targets known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. In 2020, the CBD held its 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) and adopted a new framework for the post-2020 period, known as the Kunming Initiative. This initiative has three main components: the Kunming Action Plan, the Kunming Vision, and the Kunming Roadmap. It aims to build on the progress made under the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and address the challenges that remain in conserving and sustainably using biodiversity.',1,11);

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