 <p class="lead" id="first">You can carry an entire computer in your pocket today because the technological building blocks have been getting smaller and smaller since the 1950s. But in order to create future generations of electronics -- such as more powerful phones, more efficient solar cells, or even quantum computers -- scientists will need to come up with entirely new technology at the tiniest scales.</p><p>One area of interest is nanocrystals. These tiny crystals can assemble themselves into many configurations, but scientists have had trouble figuring out how to make them talk to each other.</p><p>A new study introduces a breakthrough in making nanocrystals function together electronically. Published March 25 in <em>Science, </em>the research may open the doors to future devices with new abilities.</p><p>"We call these super atomic building blocks, because they can grant new abilities -- for example, letting cameras see in the infrared range," said University of Chicago Prof. Dmitri Talapin, the corresponding author of the paper. "But until now, it has been very difficult to both assemble them into structures <em>and </em>have them talk to each other. Now for the first time, we don't have to choose. This is a transformative improvement."</p><p>In their paper, the scientists lay out design rules which should allow for the creation of many different types of materials, said Josh Portner, a Ph.D. student in chemistry and one of the first authors of the study.</p><p><strong>A tiny problem</strong></p><p>Scientists can grow nanocrystals out of many different materials: metals, semiconductors, and magnets will each yield different properties. But the trouble was that whenever they tried to assemble these nanocrystals together into arrays, the new supercrystals would grow with long "hairs" around them.</p><p>These hairs made it difficult for electrons to jump from one nanocrystal to another. Electrons are the messengers of electronic communication; their ability to move easily along is a key part of any electronic device.</p><p>The researchers needed a method to reduce the hairs around each nanocrystal, so they could pack them in more tightly and reduce the gaps in between. "When these gaps are smaller by just a factor of three, the probability for electrons to jump across is about a billion times higher," said Talapin, the Ernest DeWitt Burton Distinguished Service Professor of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering at UChicago and a senior scientist at Argonne National Laboratory. "It changes very strongly with distance."</p><p>To shave off the hairs, they sought to understand what was going on at the atomic level. For this, they needed the aid of powerful X-rays at the Center for Nanoscale Materials at Argonne and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, as well as powerful simulations and models of the chemistry and physics at play. All these allowed them to understand what was happening at the surface -- and find the key to harnessing their production.</p><p>Part of the process to grow supercrystals is done in solution -- that is, in liquid. It turns out that as the crystals grow, they undergo an unusual transformation in which gas, liquid and solid phases all coexist. By precisely controlling the chemistry of that stage, they could create crystals with harder, slimmer exteriors which could be packed in together much more closely. "Understanding their phase behavior was a massive leap forward for us," said Portner.</p><p>The full range of applications remains unclear, but the scientists can think of multiple areas where the technique could lead. "For example, perhaps each crystal could be a qubit in a quantum computer; coupling qubits into arrays is one of the fundamental challenges of quantum technology right now," said Talapin.</p><p>Portner is also interested in exploring the unusual intermediate state of matter seen during supercrystal growth: "Triple phase coexistence like this is rare enough that it's intriguing to think about how to take advantage of this chemistry and build new materials."</p><p>The study included scientists with the University of Chicago, Technische Universität Dresden, Northwestern University, Arizona State University, SLAC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and the University of California, Berkeley.</p><p>The research was conducted in part at the DOE's Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems Center, the Midwest Integrated Center for Computational Materials, the Center for Nanoscale Materials at Argonne, and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.</p><p><em>Funding: U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Defense, National Science Foundation, Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards, Sherman Fairchild Foundation. </em></p>