<p>Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.<sup class="text-reference-group"><a class="reference-popover-link" data-content="Kim J, Ham S, Hong H, Moon C, Im HI: Brain Reward Circuits in Morphine Addiction. Mol Cells. 2016 Sep;39(9):645-53. doi: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0137. Epub 2016 Aug 9. (PubMed ID 27506251)" href="#reference-A176050">2</a></sup></p><p>Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.<sup class="text-reference-group"><a class="reference-popover-link" data-content="NIH" href="#reference-L5728">11</a></sup></p>